Opposizione (scacchi)

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Per opposizione, in senso scacchistico, si intende la posizione dei due re uno di fronte all'altro, alla minima distanza possibile, cioè separati da un'unica colonna o traversa.

L'opposizione è una condizione molto importante nel finale, soprattutto in assenza di altri pezzi e quando i pedoni risultano bloccati. In condizione di opposizione frontale, ad esempio, chi ha il tratto non può in alcun modo avanzare e questo può essere un fattore decisivo, a favore dell'avversario, ancor più se il re del giocatore che ha la mossa si trova sul bordo della scacchiera. In generale, l'opposizione ha un ruolo decisivo in moltissimi finali di re e pedoni, può compensare piccoli svantaggi di materiale o contribuire alla vittoria anche a parità di materiale.

Nel gergo scacchistico, si parla di prendere l'opposizione intendendo il raggiungimento di una situazione di opposizione da parte di chi ha la mossa; ha l'opposizione il giocatore che, muovendo, colloca il proprio re in opposizione a quello avversario. In questo caso, in assenza di altre mosse disponibili, l'avversario, costretto a muovere, deve perdere l'opposizione.

Opposizione frontale
abcdefgh
8
e5 re del nero
e3 re del bianco
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
i due re si trovano sulla stessa colonna, separati da una sola casella
Opposizione laterale
abcdefgh
8
d5 re del nero
f5 re del bianco
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
i due re si trovano sulla stessa traversa, separati da una sola casella
Opposizione diagonale
abcdefgh
8
d5 re del nero
f3 re del bianco
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
i due re si trovano sulla stessa diagonale, separati da una sola casella
Opposizione lontana
abcdefgh
8
e7 re del nero
e3 re del bianco
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
i due re si trovano sulla stessa traversa, separati da un numero dispari di caselle

Per determinare a colpo d'occhio tutte le case in opposizione tra loro esiste un metodo di Edward Cecil Tattersall, trattato già nel 1910 in A Thousand Endgames. Si costruisce un ipotetico parallelogramma in cui le caselle occupate dai Re siano ai due angoli opposti, c'è opposizione se tutti gli angoli del parallelogramma sono dello stesso colore.

Opposizione
abcdefgh
8
a8 uno
b8 due
c8 uno
d8 due
e8 uno
f8 due
g8 uno
h8 due
a7 tre
b7 quattro
c7 tre
d7 quattro
e7 tre
f7 quattro
g7 tre
h7 quattro
a6 uno
b6 due
c6 uno
d6 due
e6 uno
f6 due
g6 uno
h6 due
a5 tre
b5 quattro
c5 tre
d5 quattro
e5 tre
f5 quattro
g5 tre
h5 quattro
a4 uno
b4 due
c4 uno
d4 due
e4 uno
f4 due
g4 uno
h4 due
a3 tre
b3 quattro
c3 tre
d3 quattro
e3 tre
f3 quattro
g3 tre
h3 quattro
a2 uno
b2 due
c2 uno
d2 due
e2 uno
f2 due
g2 uno
h2 due
a1 tre
b1 quattro
c1 tre
d1 quattro
e1 tre
f1 quattro
g1 tre
h1 quattro
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
a numero uguale corrisponde opposizione
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