Modello a tre fattori di Fama e French

Economia finanziaria
Economia e Finanza
Glossario economico
Categoria:Economia

Il modello a tre fattori di Fama e French è una spiegazione empirica del rendimento atteso di un titolo proposta da Eugene Fama e Kenneth French.

Il modello

La formula proposta per descrivere il rendimento atteso è[1]:

dove è l'operatore di speranza matematica (valore atteso), il tasso d’interesse privo di rischio, dei parametri e:

rendimento supplementare atteso quando i titoli sono investiti in un portafoglio diversificato chiamato portafoglio di mercato

differenza tra il rendimento atteso di un portafoglio di titoli a debole capitalizzazione e quello di un portafoglio di titoli a forte capitalizzazione[2]

differenza tra il rendimento atteso di un portafoglio di titoli con un forte rapporto valore contabile / valore di mercato e quello di un portafoglio di titoli con un debole rapporto valore contabile / valore di mercato[3]

I parametri sono stimati utilizzando la regressione lineare seguente:

Il modello di equilibrio dei mercati finanziari (CAPM) implica dei valore nulli per et .

Il modello a tre fattori di Fama e French è compatibile con il modello di valutazione per arbitraggio (APT) secondo il quale il rendimento atteso di un titolo è una funzione lineare della sensibilità dei fattori che influenzano il titolo. Il modello precisa i tre fattori da considerare.

Le stime effettuate da Fama e French mostrano che il modello arriva a spiegare la maggior parte (circa il 90%) della variazione del rendimento delle azioni delle borse (NYSE, AMEX e NASDAQ).

Le anomalie

Le verifiche empiriche del CAPM trovavano spesso dei fattori che influenzavano i rendimenti di un titolo e che non erano spiegati dal modello. Si parlava allora di anomalie. Il modello di Fama e French considera tre di queste anomalie.

Diverse altre anomalie sono state scoperte, tra cui:

  • la persistenza del rendimento a corto termine[4]. Carhart[5] propone di aggiungere una nuova variabile (WML: differenza tra il rendimento dei titoli con performance positiva e titoli con performance negativa[6]). Questo modello a quattro fattori è accolto favorevolmente da Fama e French[7]. Al contrario, Asness, Moskowitz e Pedersen[8] sostituiscono questa variabile al posto della dimensione (SMB). Questi autori stimano anche un modello a sei fattori.
  • « l'effetto del bilanciere » dove a un debole rendimento a lungo termine segue un rendimento forte e vice versa[9].

La critica

Gli effetti della dimensione (SMB) e della vulnerabilità o difficoltà relativa (HLM) dell'impresa non sono necessariamente dei fattori di rischio specifico ma possono essere una reazione eccessiva degli investitori [10].

La classificazione dei titoli in diversi gruppi può anche essere legata a dei problemi nella formazione dei prezzi di certi titoli[11].

Note

  1. ^ E. Fama and K. French, “Multifactor Explanations of Asset Pricing Anomalies”, Journal of Finance, 1996, p. 55
  2. ^ SMB = Small Minus Big
  3. ^ HML = High Minus Low
  4. ^ N. Jegadeesh and S. Titman, “Returns to buying winners and selling loosers: Implications for stock market efficiency”, Journal of Finance, 1993, p. 65-91
  5. ^ M. Carhart, “On persistence in mutual fund performance”, Journal of Finance, 1997, p. 57-82
  6. ^ WML= Winners Minus Loosers
  7. ^ F. Fama and K. French, “Size, value, and momentum in international stock returns”, Journal of Financial Economics, 2012, p. 457-472
  8. ^ C. Asness, T. Moskowitz, L. Pedersen, “Value and Momentum Everywhere”, Journal of Finance, 2013, p. 929-985
  9. ^ W.F.M. DeBondt and R.H. Thaler, “Does the stock market overreact?”, Journal of Finance, 1985, p. 793-808
  10. ^ J. Lakonishok, A. Shleifer and R.W. Vishny, “Contrarian Investment, Extrapolation, and Risk”, Journal of Finance, 1994, p. 1541-1578
  11. ^ W. Ferson, S. Sakissian, T. Simin, “The alpha factor asset pricing model: A parable”, Journal of Financial Markets, 1999, p. 49-68

Bibliografia

  • C. Asness, T. Moskowitz, L. Pedersen, “Value and Momentum Everywhere”, Journal of Finance, 2013, p. 929-985
  • M. Carhart, “On persistence in mutual fund performance”, Journal of Finance, 1997, p. 57-82
  • W.F.M. DeBondt and R.H. Thaler, “Does the stock market overreact?”, Journal of Finance, 1985, p. 793-808
  • E. Fama and K. French, “Common risk factors in the returns on stocks and bonds”, Journal of Financial Economics, 1993, p. 3-56
  • E. Fama and K. French, “Size and book-to-market factors in earnings and returns”, Journal of Finance, 1995, p. 131-155
  • E. Fama and K. French, “Multifactor Explanations of Asset Pricing Anomalies”, Journal of Finance, 1996, p. 55-84
  • F. Fama and K. French, “Size, value, and momentum in international stock returns”, Journal of Financial Economics, 2012, p. 457-472
  • N. Jegadeesh and S. Titman, “Returns to buying winners and selling loosers: Implications for stock market efficiency”, Journal of Finance, 1993, p. 65-91
  • J. Lakonishok, A. Shleifer and R.W. Vishny, “Contrarian Investment, Extrapolation, and Risk”, Journal of Finance, 1994, p. 1541-1578
  • Economic Sciences Prize Committee of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, UNDERSTANDING ASSET PRICES, Stockholm, 2013[1]

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