Mir Ghulam Hasan

Mir Ghulam Hasan (Delhi, 1727/17361787) è stato un poeta indiano, importante scrittore in lingua urdu[1].

Biografia

Mir Ghulam Hasan nacque a Delhi, dove fu educato, da una famiglia originaria di Herat, una città dell'Afghanistan occidentale, e assieme al padre Mir Zahik, che fu uno dei bersagli delle satire di Saudā (1713-1780),[2] importante scrittore urdu del periodo classico della letteratura urdū settentrionale,[3] passò alla corte di Asaf-ud-Daula (1748-1797), nawab wazir di Awadh e protettore di poeti.[4]

Mir Ghulam Hasan visse nel suo gruppo letterario dapprima a Faizabad e successivamente, dal 1775, nella nuova capitale, Lucknow.[4]

L'attività poetica di Mir Ghulam Hasan si dimostrò feconda e paragonabile a quella dei suoi illustri scrittori contemporanei e risultò apprezzata.[4]

Tra le sue opere si possono menzionare un vasto canzoniere (diwan), una ricca raccolta biografica e antologica (tazkira) di poeti urdu, scritta in persiano.[4]

Inoltre si sono conservati undici poemi e poemetti a rima baciata, due dei quali sono celebri: L'incanto dell'eloquenza (Sihr al-bayan, 1785) e Il giardino di Iram (Gulzar-i Iram).[4][1][5]

Queste due opere rappresentano con brillantezza e realismo l'ambiente cortigiano e popolare dell'India settentrionale; il realismo descrittivo è rafforzato dal rispetto della tradizione classica indiana che prevede che tutti i personaggi dell'opera parlino nelle loro differenti lingue, e quindi in hindi, urdu, persiano, ecc.

La prima opera è un poema romanzesco romantico, ultimato nel 1785.[4] Il poema è formato da quasi duemilacinquecento distici, rispetta il metro classico arabo-persiano detto Mutaqarib (endecasillabo), è scritto in un linguaggio semplice ed elegante ed è stato dedicato da Mir Ghulam Hasan al sovrano Asaf al-Dawla.[4][5]

Per quanto riguarda i contenuti delle due opere, la prima, anche se Mir Ghulam Hasan la presentò come un lavoro innovativo,[6] segue i tradizionali temi della narrazione fantastica intrisa di geni, magie, furbizie e prodigi, con in primo piano gli amori contrastati, ma a lieto fine,[4] e narra la storia d'amore tra il principe Benazir, figlio unico di un grande re, e la principessa Badr-i Munir.[1][5] Inoltre l'autore ci presenta, tra i vari argomenti un quadro completo delle etichette sociali, degli usi e costumi e dei cerimoniali dell'epoca.[5]

La seconda opera descrive invece il mitico paradiso perduto, secondo l'autore da rintracciare nell'Arabia Felice, con aggiunte autobiografiche dello scrittore, come ad esempio l'insoddisfazione per il trasferimento della capitale da Faizabad a Lucknow.[4]

Opere

  • Il giardino di Iram (Gulzar-i Iram);
  • L'incanto dell'eloquenza (Sihr al-bayan, 1785);
  • Dīvān-i Mīr Ḥasan (1912);
  • Tadhkirah-yi shuʻarā-yi Urdū (1922);

Note

  1. ^ a b c (EN) A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings-1850, su books.google.it. URL consultato il 15 febbraio 2019.
  2. ^ (EN) Delhi: Unknown Tales of a City, su books.google.it. URL consultato il 15 febbraio 2019.
  3. ^ Saudā, in Treccani.it – Enciclopedie on line, Roma, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. URL consultato il 29 ottobre 2023.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i Mir Ghulam Hasan, in le muse, VII, Novara, De Agostini, 1966.
  5. ^ a b c d (EN) The Encyclopaedia of Islam: Fascicules 111-112 : Masrah Mawlid, su books.google.it. URL consultato il 15 febbraio 2019.
  6. ^ (EN) Urdu/Hindi: An Artificial Divide: African Heritage, Mesopotamian Roots, su books.google.it. URL consultato il 15 febbraio 2019.

Bibliografia

  • (UR) Sāḥil Aḥmad, Mīr Ḥasan kī g̲h̲azal go'ī, Allahabad, Urdū Rā'iṭars Gilḍ, 1997.
  • (UR) Mahmud Faruqi, Mir Hasan aur Khandan ke Dusre Shuara (Mir Hasan e altri poeti della sua famiglia), Lahore, 1953.
  • (UR) Faz̤lulḥaq, Mīr Ḥasan: ḥayāt aur adabī k̲h̲idmāt, 1973.
  • (UR) Muḥammad Iḥsānulḥaq, Mīr Ḥasan, 'ahd aur fann, Lāhaur, Sang-i Mīl Pablīkeshanz, 1979.
  • (EN) Ralph Russel, Khurshid ul-Islam, Cambridge, 1968.
  • (EN) Ralph Russell, Three Mughal poets; Mir, Sauda, Mir Hasan, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1968.
  • (UR) Raz̤iyah Sult̤ānah, Mas̲navī siḥr al-bayān, Ek tahz̲ībī mut̤āla'ah, Kitāb Bhavan, 1964.

Voci correlate

Controllo di autoritàVIAF (EN96149106298168492576 · ISNI (EN0000 0000 8084 8183 · LCCN (ENn88001354 · BNF (FRcb145807961 (data) · J9U (ENHE987007370872105171

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