Lisp

Lisp
linguaggio di programmazione
AutoreJohn McCarthy
Data di origine1958
Utilizzointelligenza artificiale
Paradigmiimperativo e funzionale
Tipizzazionedinamica, forte
Estensioni comuni.lisp
Influenzato daIPL
Ha influenzatoCLIPS, CLU, COWSEL, Dylan, Falcon, Forth, Haskell, Io, Ioke, JavaScript, Julia, Logo, Lua, Mathematica, ML, Nu, OPS5, Perl, POP-2/11, Python, Qi, R, Shen, Rebol, Ruby, Smalltalk, Tcl
Implementazione di riferimento
Sistema operativoLinux, macOS e Windows

Lisp (List Processor) è una famiglia di linguaggi di programmazione con implementazioni sia compilate sia interpretate, associata nel passato ai progetti di intelligenza artificiale. È stato ideato nel 1958 da John McCarthy[1] come linguaggio formale per studiare la computabilità di funzioni ricorsive (nel senso di Skolem) su espressioni simboliche. È stato anche il primo linguaggio a facilitare uno stile di programmazione funzionale.

Descrizione

Il primo software libero con un nucleo LISP è stato emacs, diffuso editor di testo per terminale progettato negli anni ottanta da Richard Stallman sulle LISP machine dell'epoca e portato successivamente su tutti i sistemi operativi. Commercialmente, la diffusione più rilevante del linguaggio è avvenuta con la sua integrazione in programmi di uso comune, come nel CAD AutoCAD (Autodesk) o come nell'azienda editrice Interleaf, che utilizza una versione personalizzata di Lisp e strettamente integrata con le funzioni di programmazione dell'ambiente grafico.

La Symbolics Technology Inc. ha realizzato negli anni ottanta delle workstation e server con sistema operativo multitasking e orientato agli oggetti con una potentissima interfaccia grafica di programmazione simbolica, interamente programmato in LISP, compreso il microcodice del processore LISP.

Le prime LISPM (LISP Machine) erano state implementate al MIT. Anche la Xerox produsse delle macchine LISPM (Dandylion, Dandytiger) come pure la Texas Instrument (TI Explorer).

Complessi software LISP restano ancora in servizio presso enti governativi, militari, aerospaziali, compagnie aeree, compagnie petrolifere, ecc.[senza fonte] per complessi giochi di simulazione e valutazione di strategie operative.

Data la grande versatilità del linguaggio e quindi la facilità di estensione e personalizzazione da parte del programmatore[senza fonte], sono fioriti molti dialetti di LISP, tra cui, il più diffuso, e quello a cui solitamente ci si riferisce parlando di LISP, è Common LISP. Altri sono Scheme e Arc.

Programma di esempio

Gli esempi qui riportati sono scritti in Common LISP

(format t "Hello, World!")
(princ "Hello, World!")
(print "Hello, World!")
(write "Hello, World!")

Es: con Cmucl lisp GPL interprete e compilatore di codice macchina e/o bytecode provate a digitare:

     * (format t "~&Hello, world!~%")
     Hello, world!
     NIL
     *

Per compilare quanto sopra scrivere in un file di testo dal nome "test.lisp" quanto segue:

(defun miotest ()
  (format t "~&Hello, world!~%"))

Lanciate Cmucl e da linea comandi del lisp interprete digitare:

  # lisp
  ....
  * (compile-file "..../test.lisp")

Il comando trasforma e compila il file in test.x86 (codice macchina X86), quindi basta digitare:

     * (require:test)
     * (miotest)
     Hello, world!
     NIL
     *

...

Dialetti del LISP

Note

  1. ^ John McCarthy, Recursive Functions of Symbolic Expressions and Their Computation by Machine, Part I, su www-formal.stanford.edu. URL consultato il 13 ottobre 2006 (archiviato dall'url originale il 4 ottobre 2013).

Bibliografia

Voci correlate

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

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