Kitbuga Noyan

Kitbuga Noyan[1], mongolo Хитбух, in arabo كتبغا نويان?, Kitbughā Nōyān (... – ʿAyn Jālūt, 3 settembre 1260), è stato un militare turco.

Cristiano nestoriano appartenente ai turchi Nayman,[2] un gruppo al servizio dell'Impero mongolo, Kitbuga fu uno dei luogotenenti e consigliere dell'Īl-Khān mongolo Hulagu e lo aiutò nel corso delle sue conquiste in Medio e Vicino Oriente. Quando Hulagu ritirò il grosso delle sue truppe per tornare in patria in vista del kuriltai che doveva eleggere il nuovo Gran Khan, a Kitbuga fu affidato il controllo della non ancora del tutto conquistata Siria e fu quindi responsabile delle ulteriori azioni militari mongole verso Sud e l'Egitto mamelucco.
Fu ucciso nel corso della battaglia di Ayn Jalut del 1260, che decretò la vittoria egiziana.

Biografia

Assedio di Sidone: Kitbuga vs. Giuliano de Grenier nel 1260. Da Aitone da Corico, Fleur des histoires d'orient.

Nel 1252, Möngke Khan ordinò a Kitbuga di attaccare le fortezze dei Nizariti ismailiti. Avanzò quindi con Hulagu nella Persia occidentale, stringendo una serie di assedi e comandando un fianco dell'esercito che assediò con successo Baghdād nel 1258, mettendo per sempre fine al pluricentenario Califfato abbaside (750-1258), prima di assistere all'assedio vittorioso di Damasco del 1260.[3][4][5] Resoconti storici, che riportano gli scritti dello storico medievale Templare di Tiro, avrebbero spesso descritto i tre signori cristiani (Hetum I di Armenia, Boemondo VI di Antiochia e Kitbuga) che entrano nella città di Damasco insieme, in trionfo,[5][6] anche se gli storici contemporanei hanno qualificato come "apocrifa" questa storia.[7][8][9]

Quando Hulagu Khan ritirò le sue forze per i nuovi eventi che si verificarono nell'Impero mongolo (la morte del fratello di Hulagu, il Gran Khan Möngke Khan), Kitbuga fu lasciato alla guida dei Mongoli che sarebbero rimasti in Vicino Oriente:

«"Kitbuqa, who had been left by Hulagu in Syria and Palestine, held the Land in peace and in state of rest. And he greatly loved and honoured the Christians because he was of the lineage of the Three Kings of Orient who came to Bethlehem to adore the nativity of Our Lord. Kitbuqa worked at recovering the Holy Land"»

Battaglia di ʿAyn Jālūt

Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: Battaglia di Ayn Jalut.

Al comando di circa 10.000-12.000 Mongoli, Kitbuga tentò di proseguire nell'avanzata in direzione dell'Egitto. Tuttavia i Mamelucchi avevano negoziato una tregua coi Crociati, permettendo così alle forze mamelucche di avanzare verso settentrione attraverso il territorio di Outremer e di accamparsi per rifornirsi presso la roccaforte crociata di San Giovanni d'Acri. In tal modo i Mamelucchi erano in grado d'impegnare l'inferiore esercito mongolo in Galilea, nella strategica località di ʿAyn Jālūt (fonte di Golia). Gli assai meno numerosi Mongoli[11] subirono un'inevitabile disfatta e lo stesso Kitbuga fu decapitato sul campo di battaglia dal veterano mamelucco Jamāl al-Dīn Ākūsh al-Shamsī.

Gli storici mamelucchi parlano con rispetto di Kitbuga, descrivendolo come un grande guerriero che rifiutò di ritirarsi quando era chiaro che i Mongoli erano nettamente sottodimensionati numericamente ad ʿAyn Jālūt, preferendo la morte al ritiro e alla vergogna. Era logico attendersi che la morte di Kitbuga sarebbe stata vendicata da Hulagu, ma un conflitto intestino tra Hulagu e suo cugino Berke dei Mongoli dell'Orda d'Oro impedì che ciò accadesse. La morte di Kitbuga e la prima disfatta dei Mongoli ad ʿAyn Jālūt marcarono l'inizio della fine dell'espansione verso occidente dell'Impero mongolo, malgrado essi proseguissero nella loro avanzata in Siria, Giappone, India, Ungheria, Polonia e Sudest asiatico per numerosi decenni ancora.[12]

Note

  1. ^ Titolo di autorità in uso nell'Impero mongolo.
  2. ^ René Grousset, The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia, Rutgers University Press, 1970, pp. 361& 363, ISBN 0-8135-1304-9.
  3. ^ Saudi Aramco World "The Battle of Ain Jalut", su saudiaramcoworld.com. URL consultato il 26 gennaio 2013 (archiviato dall'url originale il 17 febbraio 2012).
  4. ^ Grousset, p. 581
  5. ^ a b "On 1 March Kitbuqa entered Damascus at the head of a Mongol army. With him were the King of Armenia and the Prince of Antioch. The citizens of the ancient capital of the Caliphate saw for the first time for six centuries three Christian potentates ride in triumph through their streets", Runciman, p. 307
  6. ^ Grousset, p. 588
  7. ^ David Morgan, The Mongols (2nd ed.)
  8. ^ Peter Jackson, "Crisis in the Holy Land in 1260," English Historical Review 376 (1980), p. 486
  9. ^ "While this report cannot be taken literally, it may contain a grain of truth. Armenian troops were part of Ketbuqa's force, while some time during the Mongol occupation Bohemond visited Baalbek and even intended to ask Hulegu for possession of the town. (...) If this prince reached as far as Baalbek, it is most probable that he also passed through Damascus." Reuven Amitai-Preiss, "Mongols and Mamluks", p. 31
  10. ^ Charles Kohler (ed.), Recueil des historiens des croisades, Document Arméniens, tomo II, Parigi, 1906; citato da Ugo Monneret de Villard, Le leggende orientali sui Magi evangelici, Città del Vaticano, Biblioteca apostolica vaticana, 1952, p. 162. Citato in "Histoire des Croisades III", di René Grousset, a p. 593; Nam ipse fuerat de progenie trium regum, qui uenerunt natiuitatem domini adorare (For he was a descendant of the Three Kings who came to the Nativity to adore the Lord). Simon Grynaeus Johannes Huttichius, Novus orbis regionum ac insularum veteribus incognitarum, Basilea, 1532, caput XXX, De Cobila Can quinto Imperatore Tartarorum , p. 445.
  11. ^ Si veda Claudio Lo Jacono, Storia del mondo islamico (VII-XVI secolo. I. Il Vicino Oriente, Torino, Einaudi, 2003, p. 394, dove si ricorda come i Mamelucchi assommassero a 120.000, a fronte dei 10-12.000 Mongoli di Kitbuga.
  12. ^ Reuven Amitai-Preiss, Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War, 1260–1281 (I ed.), Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1998.

Bibliografia

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