Ipersensibilità (psicologia)

Schema emotivo di una persona altamente sensibile (PAS)[non chiaro]

Con il termine ipersensibilità si intende una sensibilità superiore alla media, in modo temporaneo o permanente, e che può essere vissuta con difficoltà dalla persona stessa, o percepita come "esagerata" o "estrema" da parenti, amici o conoscenti.[1]

Ipersensibilità come tratto di personalità

Il tratto dell'ipersensibilità, traduzione italiana di High Sensitivity, è stato scoperto dal gruppo di ricerca della dottoressa Elaine Aron in California negli anni novanta nell'ambito degli studi sulla personalità. Ulteriori studi ne hanno approfondito gli aspetti genetici, neuroscientifici ed evoluzionistici, e rappresenta una variabilità intersoggettiva nei meccanismi di sopravvivenza in ogni specie animale. È la risultanza di predisposizione genetica e ambiente, e comprende:

  • Differente processamento sensoriale
  • Maggiore responsività all’ambiente e agli stimoli sociali
  • Aree specifiche di attivazione cerebrale neuro-sensibilità
  • Fattori comportamentali specifici
  • Differente gestione dello stress psicofisiologico

Caratteristiche

Le persone che hanno questo tratto di personalità si definiscono anche "Persone Altamente Sensibili" (Highly Sensitive People) e sono caratterizzate da una maggiore sensibilità a stimoli interni ed esterni. Questo tratto si trova nella medesima proporzione nei maschi e nelle femmine, ed è indipendente da altre variabili di personalità come introversione, timidezza, nevroticismo.

Secondo le ricerche di Elaine Aron e del marito Arthur Aron (neurologo) le Highly Sensitive People si contraddistinguono per caratteristiche riassumibili nell'acronimo D.O.E.S:

  • Depth of processing (processamento più profondo delle informazioni);
  • Overarousability (più facilmente soggetti a sovrastimolazione e sovraccarico);
  • Emotional Intensity, Empathy (maggiore responsività emotiva ed empatia);
  • Sensitivity to subtle stimuli (percezione dei dettagli sottili dell’ambiente e delle relazioni sociali).

Queste caratteristiche mostrano vantaggi che riguardano la profondità di elaborazione dei problemi, la predisposizione a trovare molteplici soluzioni creative e a percepire i dettagli delle relazioni sociali, la capacità di empatia e di mediazione tra le persone, la profondità nel percepire gli aspetti positivi dell'esistenza, nel cogliere i dettagli, nel trarre maggiore giovamento e apprendimento dalle esperienze. I possibili svantaggi riguardano invece la sensazione di sentirsi “sopraffatti dal mondo”, dalle persone intorno, dagli eventi, la suscettibilità emotiva, l'affaticamento da eccessiva stimolazione, la necessità di tempi di recupero, la difficoltà a gestire i propri limiti e confini rispetto agli altri, la necessità di regolare la capacità di empatia.

Note

  1. ^ Secondo il dizionario francese Larousse (fonte).

Bibliografia

  • B. P. Acevedo et al. (2014) “The Highly Sensitive Brain: an fMRI study of sensory processing sensitivity and response to others’ emotions”, in Brain and Behavior by Wiley Periodicals.
  • E. N. Aron, A. Aron (1997), “Sensory-Processing Sensitivity and Its Relation to Introversion and Emotionality” in Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
  • E. N. Aron (1999), “The Highly Sensitive Person”, Carol Publishing Group.
  • E. N. Aron (2002) “The Highly Sensitive Child”, Thorsons.
  • E. N. Aron, A. Aron, K. M. Davies (2005) “Adult Shyness: The Interaction of Temperamental Sensitivity and an Adverse Childhood Environment”, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin.
  • E. N. Aron (2010), “Psychotherapy and the highly sensitive person”, Routledge.
  • E. N. Aron, A. Aron, J. Jagiellowicz (2012) “Sensory Processing Sensitivity: A Review in the Light of the Evolution of Biological Responsivity”, Personality and Social Psychology Review
  • J. Belsky, M. Pluess (2009) “Beyond Diathesis Stress: Differential Susceptibility to Environmental Influences”, Psychological Bulletin
  • J. Belsky, M. Pluess (2012) “Vantage Sensitivity: Individual Differences in Response to Positive Experiences” in Psychological Bulletin.
  • R. Sellin (2011) “Le persone sensibili hanno una marcia in più”, Feltrinelli (2012).
  • R. Sellin (2014) “Le persone sensibili sanno dire no”, Feltrinelli (2014)
  • R. Sellin (2015) “I bambini sensibili hanno una marcia in più”, Feltrinelli (2016)

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Controllo di autoritàGND (DE1105568407
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