Haketia

Lo Haketia (in arabo حاكيتيا‎?; in spagnolo Haquetía; in ebraico חַכִּיתִּיָה‎?) è la variante della lingua giudeo-spagnola parlata dagli ebrei sefarditi nel Marocco settentrionale,[1] in particolare nelle città di Tétouan, Tangeri, Assilah, Larache e nelle città spagnole di Ceuta e Melilla. Una variante di questo idioma era parlata, fino al XX secolo, ad Orano, in Algeria.

Storia

Lettera in haketia scritta a Tangeri nel 1832.

Lo haketia si è diffuso in Marocco in seguito all'arrivo di comunità sefardite dalla Spagna a partire dal XV secolo. Dei circa 100.000 immigrati sefarditi (definiti megorashim dagli ebrei indigeni) giunti in Marocco dopo il 1492, si stima che a stabilirvisi definitivamente ne fossero stati 20.000.[2]

La maggior parte dei sefarditi arrivati proveniva dalle regioni settentrionali della penisola iberica (da città come Toledo) anziché dalle regioni meridionali, pertanto la maggior parte di loro era di lingua giudeo-spagnola, mentre solo una minoranza era arabofona.[2] I sefarditi si stabilirono insieme ai moriscos nelle principali città del paese, in particolare a Fès, Meknès, Rabat e nelle città del nord, superando gli ebrei indigeni (i toshavim) nel campo della vita intellettuale e dal punto di vista sociale. A Fès e a Meknès, la comunità sefardita, mescolandosi agli ebrei indigeni, adottò progressivamente dialetti arabi, abbandonando definitivamente lo haketia intorno al XVIII secolo.[2]

Gli ebrei di Tétouan stabilirono comunità a Orano,[3] dove si sviluppò una variante dello haketia definito tetuani, e a Gibilterra, dove la lingua haketia esercitò profonde influenze sullo llanito.

Nel 1912, si stimavano in Marocco 16.000 locutori di haketia (concentrati nella quasi totalità a Tangeri, Tétouan e in altre piccole città della costa settentrionale, quali Larache e Assila), a fronte di 77.000 ebrei monolingui arabofoni e 8.000 ebrei berberi.[2] L'instaurazione del protettorato spagnolo nel Marocco settentrionale, in concomitanza con l'emigrazione verso l'America meridionale comportò il livellamento della lingua a quella spagnola, il che portò in gran parte alla sua perdita.[2]

Lo haketia, a differenza delle altre varianti della lingua giudeo-spagnola, non ha sviluppato una propria tradizione letteraria, rimanendo una lingua quasi del tutto orale. A differenziarlo dalle altre varianti della lingua giudeo-spagnola è la profonda influenza dell'arabo giudeo-marocchino.

Negli ultimi decenni si è assistito ad una rinascita dello haketia in ambito musicale, adoperato da cantanti come Doris Benmaman e Mor Karbasi. Il Centro degli Studi Sefarditi di Caracas pubblica regolarmente materiale in lingua haketia nella sua rivista Magen-Escudo.

Note

  1. ^ La Haketia, su vocesdehaketia.com. URL consultato l'11 ottobre 2019.
  2. ^ a b c d e (EN) Jeffrey Heath, Jewish and Muslim Dialects of Moroccan Arabic, Routledge, 2002, pp. 10-11, ISBN 978-0-700-71514-5.
  3. ^ (EN) Oran, su jewishvirtuallibrary.org. URL consultato il 31 maggio 2020.

Voci correlate

Controllo di autoritàLCCN (EN) sh85058389 · BNE (ES) XX5670483 (data) · J9U (EN, HE) 987007548225805171
  Portale Ebraismo

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