Georg Ernst Stahl

Stahl (qui ritratto da Johann Georg Mentzel) è citato da Immanuel Kant insieme a Galileo Galilei e ad Evangelista Torricelli nella prefazione alla seconda edizione della Critica della ragion pura (1787)

Georg Ernst Stahl (Ansbach, 22 ottobre 1659Berlino, 24 maggio 1734) è stato un medico, fisico e chimico tedesco.

Biografia

Ottenuta la laurea in medicina all'Università di Jena nel 1683, divenne il fisico di corte del duca Giovanni Ernesto III di Sassonia-Weimar nel 1687.

Dal 1694 al 1716 occupò la cattedra di medicina all'università di Halle, e fu in seguito nominato medico del re Federico Guglielmo I di Prussia a Berlino.

In chimica Stahl è ricordato soprattutto per la sua teoria del flogisto, i cui elementi essenziali, tuttavia, egli dovette a J.J. Becher (1635-1682). Propose inoltre una visione della fermentazione che per alcuni aspetti assomiglia a quella supportata da Justus von Liebig un secolo e mezzo più tardi.

In medicina, con la sua opera fondamentale intitolata Theoria medica vera (1708) sostenne un sistema animistico, in opposizione al meccanicismo di Herman Boerhaave e Friedrich Hoffmann[1]. In seguito ebbe una polemica con Leibniz, che aveva sollevato delle questioni critiche su alcune tesi della Theoria stahliana[2].

Sthal distinse inoltre le malattie mentali in due tipologie, quelle causate da affezioni somatiche agli organi, da lui chiamate «simpatiche», ed altre denominate invece «patetiche» (idiopathischer), la cui origine egli riteneva psicogena, cioè da attribuire esclusivamente all'anima. Questa sua distinzione ebbe notevole influenza sullo sviluppo della psichiatria,[3] oltre a renderlo un importante precursore della psicosomatica.[4] Seguaci di questa sua classificazione furono psichiatri come Johann Gottfried Langermann.[5]

Sthal riteneva tuttavia che l'anima fosse da valorizzare anche per il suo apporto alla guarigione, e che compito del medico fosse di aiutare questa forza intrinseca con cui la natura cercava di liberarsi dalla malattia.[6] Per il suo animismo vitalista, fece da apripista alla medicina romantica.[7]

Scritti

De lapide manati, 1710

Le più importanti delle sue numerose opere sono:

Note

  1. ^ Francesco Paolo de Ceglia, I fari di Halle. Georg Ernst Stahl, Friedrich Hoffmann e la medicina europea del primo Settecento (PDF), Bologna, il Mulino, 2009.
  2. ^ G. W. Leibniz, Obiezioni contro la teoria medica di Georg Ernst Stahl. Sui concetti di anima, vita, organismo, a cura di Antonio M. Nunziante, Macerata, Quodlibet, 2011
  3. ^ Werner Leibbrand, Annemarie Wettley, Der Wahnsinn: Geschichte der abendländischen Psychopathologie, Friburgo in Brisgovia–Monaco, Karl Alber Verlag, 1961, pp. 323–328.
  4. ^ Axel W. Bauer, Der Körper als Marionette? Georg Ernst Stahl und das Wagnis einer psychosomatischen Medizin, in Georg Ernst Stahl (1659–1734) in wissenschaftshistorischer Sicht, Leopoldina-Meeting am 29. und 30. Oktober 1998 In Halle (S.), a cura di Dietrich von Engelhardt e Alfred Gierer, in "Acta historica Leopoldina", n. 30, Halle (Saale) 2000, pp. 81–95.
  5. ^ Erwin H. Ackerknecht, Kurze Geschichte der Psychiatrie, 3ª edizione, pag. 36, alla voce «Stahl», Stoccarda, Enke, 1985 ISBN 3-432-80043-6.
  6. ^ Andreas-Holger Maehle, L'Età dei Lumi: le scienze della vita. Sistemi e metodi terapeutici, in Storia della Scienza, Treccani, 2002.
  7. ^ Giovanni Maconi, Giovanni Rasori e la medicina romantica (PDF), su curaecomunita.it, 1984, p. 15.

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Controllo di autoritàVIAF (EN71445289 · ISNI (EN0000 0001 2102 2397 · SBN UBOV123611 · BAV 495/32909 · CERL cnp00399503 · LCCN (ENn82032294 · GND (DE118752561 · BNE (ESXX1482533 (data) · BNF (FRcb122407654 (data) · J9U (ENHE987007268329605171 · NDL (ENJA00475482 · CONOR.SI (SL234894947

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