Fondo di radioattività naturale

Il fondo di radioattività naturale è la quantità di radiazioni ionizzanti dovuta a cause naturali, osservabile e rilevabile ovunque sulla Terra. Il fondo di radioattività naturale è di origine sia terrestre (dovuto a isotopi radioattivi di elementi naturali contenuti nella crosta terrestre), sia extraterrestre (i raggi cosmici). Il maggior contributo alla dose ricevuta dalla popolazione è data dalla radioattività naturale; i radionuclidi più importanti sono quelli delle serie radioattive dell'238U, del 232Th e del 40K[1]. I contributi al rateo di dose assorbita di questi tre elementi sono i seguenti[2]:

Radionuclide/serie radioattiva 40K 238U 232Th
Concentrazione media al suolo (Bq/kg) 370(tra 100 e 700) 25 (tra 10 e 50) 25 (tra 7 e 50)

La media mondiale dell'intensità (rateo) di dose efficace di radioattività assorbita da un essere umano e dovuta al fondo naturale è di 2,4 millisievert (mSv) per anno.[3] Questo valore deve costituire il riferimento per stimare eventuali valutazioni di rischio radioprotezionistico. Tuttavia il livello naturale del fondo naturale di radioattività varia significativamente da luogo a luogo. In Italia ad esempio la dose efficace media valutata per la popolazione è di 3,3 mSv/anno, ma varia notevolmente da regione a regione[4]. Ci sono aree geografiche dove il fondo naturale è significativamente più alto della media mondiale.[5] Fra queste aree si citano Ramsar[6] in Iran, Guarapari in Brasile, Kerala[7] in India, e Yangjiang in Cina. Ad esempio a Ramsar vi sono sorgenti termali dove la radioattività dell'acqua è di 260 mSv/anno ovvero 0,03 mSv/ora.

Note

  1. ^ Maurizio Pelliccioni, Fondamenti Fisici della Radioprotezione, Pitagora Editrice Bologna, ISBN 88-371-0470-7. p. 126
  2. ^ https://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/publications/1982.html
  3. ^ (EN) http://www.unscear.org/docs/reports/gareport.pdf Archiviato il 5 febbraio 2009 in Internet Archive.
  4. ^ (IT) http://annuario.isprambiente.it/sites/default/files/pdf/2005-2006/versione_integrale/Radiazioni%20ionizzanti.pdf
  5. ^ (EN) Annual terrestrial radiation doses in the world Archiviato il 23 giugno 2007 in Internet Archive.
  6. ^ (EN) Natural Radiation: High Background Radiation Areas (HBRAs) of Ramsar, Iran
  7. ^ (EN) Population study in the high natural background ra...[Radiat Res. 1999] - PubMed Result

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