Folivoro

Disambiguazione – Se stai cercando il sottordine a cui appartengono i bradipi, vedi Folivora.

In zoologia si dice folivoro ogni animale erbivoro specializzato nel nutrirsi in massima parte di foglie.

Come adattamento a tale dieta, ricca di cellulosa poco digeribile e relativamente povera di energia, gli animali folivori hanno sviluppato un intestino estremamente lungo e circonvoluto e tassi metabolici bassi. Molti di questi animali, inoltre, hanno instaurato legami di simbiosi con batteri in grado di demolire la cellulosa in composti più digeribili.

I folivori vivono perlopiù in foreste (dove è assai più facile trovare il loro nutrimento) e sono prevalentemente arboricoli: non mancano tuttavia delle eccezioni, come l'hoazin ed alcune specie di chirotteri^[1]. Questi animali, tuttavia, sono solo parzialmente folivori, in particolare i pipistrelli tendono a masticare a lungo le foglie ingerendo solo la linfa e sputando il bolo^[2].

I folivori arboricoli, come ad esempio i bradipi, alcune scimmie e lemuri, hanno generalmente dimensioni più grandi rispetto ad animali imparentati ma con diete diverse: sono inoltre più lenti^[3]. Queste caratteristiche comuni sono con tutta probabilità attribuibili all'alto contenuto di cellulosa delle foglie, che ne rende la digestione più difficile e lenta, oltre a rendere tale alimento molto povero di energia.^[1] In particolare i primati folivori, come le scimmie urlatrici, tendono a vivere in gruppi che offrono agli animali una maggiore difesa contro eventuali predatori.
I caratteri comuni di alcune caratteristiche del corpo, del cranio e dei denti di alcuni ominidi e varie famiglie di mammiferi folivori arboricoli, hanno spinto alcuni studiosi ad avanzare l'ipotesi secondo la quale i primi ominidi erano dei folivori anch'essi^[3].

Animali folivori

Mammiferi:
- L'Okapi e la giraffa;
- Il panda
- L'ippopotamo
- I bradipi;
- I possum australiani;
- Il Koala;
- Numerose specie di lemuri, come l'indri, i sifaka ed i lepilemuri;
- Varie specie di scimmie ed ominidi.
Uccelli:
- L'hoazin;
- Il kakapo;
Rettili:
- Varie specie di iguana;
Numerosissimi insetti e le loro larve.

Note

^ ^a ^b Do the Power Requirements of Flapping Flight Constrain Folivory in Flying Animals? R. Dudley, G. J. Vermeij Functional Ecology, Vol. 6, No. 1 (1992), pp. 101-104
^ Folivory in Bats: An Adaptation Derived from Frugivory by T. H. Kunz and K. A. Ingalls; Functional Ecology, Vol. 8, No. 5 (Oct., 1994), pp. 665-668
^ ^a ^b Cautious climbing and folivory: a model of hominoid differentation Archiviato il 10 gennaio 2020 in Internet Archive. E. E. Sarmiento1 in Human Evolution Volume 10, Number 4, August, 1995

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