Canale del calcio

Il canale del calcio o specificando meglio, i vari tipi di canali del calcio sono proteine integrali di membrana che formano canali ionici, che conducono i cationi del calcio attraverso la membrana plasmatica delle cellule. Vengono classificati in base all'innesco (trigger) che apre il canale per questi ioni, ad esempio sia un cambiamento della tensione (canali del calcio tensione-dipendenti), sia il legame di una sostanza (un ligando) al canale (canali del calcio ligando-dipendenti).

Durante il plateau del potenziale d'azione (la cosiddetta fase 2, che segue la ripolarizzazione precoce e precede la fase di ripolarizzazione finale) lo ione Ca2+ penetra nella cellula per mezzo dei canali del calcio, i quali si caratterizzano per la peculiarità di attivarsi ed inattivarsi in modo decisamente più lento rispetto ai canali del Na+. Questi canali sono regolati dalla tensione: si attivano infatti allorché nella fase d'incremento del potenziale di azione il potenziale di riposo della membrana diviene meno negativo.

Studi effettuati sulle cellule del muscolo cardiaco hanno permesso di identificare due tipi di canali del Ca2+: il tipo L ed il tipo T.
Canali di tipo T (transient): la loro attivazione avviene quando il potenziale è molto negativo (intorno ad un potenziale di -70mV). Si inattivano molto più rapidamente rispetto al tipo L e la loro frequenza a livello delle cellule miocardiche è decisamente più scarsa.
Canali di tipo L (long lasting): chiamati così perché una volta attivati si richiudono con lentezza e forniscono un flusso di Ca2+ che perdura nel tempo. Sono i canali del calcio maggiormente diffusi nel miocardio, la loro attivazione avviene nella fase ascendente del potenziale d'azione, quando il potenziale raggiunge approssimativamente un valore di -20mV.[1]
Da un punto di vista farmacologico i canali di tipo L sono particolarmente importanti in quanto i farmaci calcio antagonisti (ad esempio nifedipina, amlodipina, lacidipina, verapamil, diltiazem ed altri) agiscono proprio determinando un loro blocco selettivo.

Canali del calcio tensione-dipendenti

Tipo Tensione Proteina Gene Localizzazione Funzione
Tipo L alta tensione Cav1.1
Cav1.2
Cav1.3
Cav1.4
CACNA1S
CACNA1C
CACNA1D
CACNA1F
Muscolo scheletrico, ossa (osteoblasti), miociti ventricolari**, dendriti dei neuroni corticali contrazione del muscolo liscio e del muscolo cardiaco.[2]
Tipo P/Tipo Q alto voltaggio Cav2.1 CACNA1A neuroni Purkinje nel cervelletto rilascio di neurotrasmettitore[2]
Tipo N alto voltaggio Cav2.2 CACNA1B cervello rilascio di neurotrasmettitore [2]
Tipo R voltaggio intermedio Cav2.3 CACNA1E cervelletto ?[2]
Tipo T basso voltaggio Cav3.1
Cav3.2
Cav3.3
CACNA1G
CACNA1H
CACNA1I
neuroni, cellule con attività pacemaker, ossa (osteociti) Regolarità del nodo seno atriale[2]

Canali del calcio ligando-dipendenti

Tipo Ligando Gene Localizzazione Funzione
IP3 receptor IP3 ITPR1, ITPR2, ITPR3 reticolo endoplasmatico/reticolo sarcoplasmatico Rilascio di calcio dai reticoli in resposta all'IP3 [2]
recettore della rianodine recettore della diidropiridina nei tubuli T ed aumento intracellulare di calcio (Calcium Induced Calcium Release - CICR) RYR1, RYR2, RYR3 reticolo endoplasmatico/reticolo sarcoplasmatico miociti[2]
Canali a due pori
CatSper
store-operated channels indirettamente dalla deplezione del calcio dal reticolo endoplasmatico/reticolo sarcoplasmatico[2] ORAI1, ORAI2, ORAI3 membrana plasmatica

Note

  1. ^ P. Hess, JB. Lansman; B. Nilius; RW. Tsien, Calcium channel types in cardiac myocytes: modulation by dihydropyridines and beta-adrenergic stimulation., in J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 8 Suppl 9, 1986, pp. S11-21, PMID 2433538.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Rang, H. P., Pharmacology, Edinburgh, Churchill Livingstone, 2003, ISBN 0-443-07145-4. Page 53

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Read other articles:

Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Hutauruk (disambiguasi). Hutauruk HasundutanDesaKantor Kepala Desa Hutauruk HasundutanNegara IndonesiaProvinsiSumatera UtaraKabupatenTapanuli UtaraKecamatanSipoholonKode pos22452Kode Kemendagri12.02.04.2015 Luas... km²Jumlah penduduk1.079 jiwa (2010)Kepadatan... jiwa/km² Hutauruk Hasundutan adalah sebuah desa yang berada di Kecamatan Sipoholon, Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara, Provinsi Sumatera Utara, Indonesia. Pemerintahan Desa Hutauruk Hasundutan terdiri dari Dus...

 

Filipino politician This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: Michael Marcos Keon – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template m...

 

Election of US Senator Mark Kelly See also: 2020 United States Senate elections 2020 United States Senate special election in Arizona ← 2016 November 3, 2020 2022 →   Nominee Mark Kelly Martha McSally Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 1,716,467 1,637,661 Percentage 51.16% 48.81% County results Congressional districts results Precinct resultsKelly:      50–60%      60–70%      ...

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Nikolic. Cet article est une ébauche concernant un acteur serbe. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les conventions filmographiques. Dragan NikolićBiographieNaissance 20 juillet 1943 ou 20 août 1943Belgrade (Axis occupation of Serbia (en), Troisième Reich)Décès 11 mars 2016BelgradeNom dans la langue maternelle Драган НиколићNom de naissance Драгослав НиколићSurnoms Gaga, Гаг�...

 

Perawat SangpotiratLahirPerawat Sangpotirat18 Oktober 1995 (umur 28)Bangkok, ThailandKebangsaanThailandNama lainKrist PerawatPendidikanUniversitas Kasetsart – Fakultas EkonomiPekerjaan aktor model Tahun aktif2008–sekarangAgenGMMTV (2016–sekarang) Perawat Sangpotirat (Thai: พีรวัส แสงโพธิรัตน์code: th is deprecated ; lahir 18 Oktober 1995), lebih dikenal sebagai Krist (Thai: คริสcode: th is deprecated ), adalah aktor dan model a...

 

L’environnement et les ressources naturelles doivent être considérés comme des biens communs mondiaux, qui appartiennent aux catégories spécifiques des biens non manufacturés qui, lorsqu’ils sont partagés, peuvent être soit divisés soit détruits[1]. Le caractère mondial de ces biens découle de l’appartenance de chacun des éléments qui le composent à un système intégré. Chacun peut profiter de l’atmosphère, du climat et de la biodiversité (entre autres) et, en même...

جزء من سلسلة مقالات حولنظم الحكومات أشكال السلطة انفصالية دولة مرتبطة دومينيون مشيخة محمية فدرالية كونفدرالية تفويض السلطات دولة اتحادية فوق وطنية إمبراطورية الهيمنة دولة مركزية التقسيم الإداري مصدر السلطة ديمقراطية(سلطة الأكثرية) ديمارية مباشرة ليبرالية تمثيلية اجتم...

 

Voters' pamphlet for the 2010 general election The 2010 elections for the Oregon Legislative Assembly determined the composition of both houses for the 76th Oregon Legislative Assembly. The Republican and Democratic primary elections were on May 18, 2010, and the general election was held on November 2, 2010. Sixteen of the Oregon State Senate's thirty seats were up for election, as were all 60 seats of the Oregon House of Representatives. In the previous session, the Democrats held supermaj...

 

Irish soldier and film producer Not to be confused with Emmett Dalton, American outlaw. Emmet DaltonDalton photographed in lieutenant's uniform, Royal Dublin FusiliersBorn(1898-03-04)4 March 1898Fall River, Massachusetts, United StatesDied4 March 1978(1978-03-04) (aged 80)Dublin, IrelandBuriedGlasnevin Cemetery, DublinAllegiance  United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland  Irish Republic  Irish Free State Service British Army Irish Republican Army National ArmyRankMajor g...

1st Battalion, 2nd Marines1st Battalion, 2nd Marines insigniaActiveJune 1, 1933 – November 1947October 1949 – presentCountry United States of AmericaBranch United States Marine CorpsTypeInfantryRoleOffense/Defense/Sustainment, Amphibious OperationsPart of2nd Marine Regiment2nd Marine DivisionGarrison/HQMarine Corps Base Camp LejeuneMotto(s)Others will followEngagementsWorld War II Battle of Guadalcanal Battle of Tarawa Battle of Saipan Battle of Tinian Battle of Okinawa Ope...

 

此条目序言章节没有充分总结全文内容要点。 (2019年3月21日)请考虑扩充序言,清晰概述条目所有重點。请在条目的讨论页讨论此问题。 哈萨克斯坦總統哈薩克總統旗現任Қасым-Жомарт Кемелұлы Тоқаев卡瑟姆若马尔特·托卡耶夫自2019年3月20日在任任期7年首任努尔苏丹·纳扎尔巴耶夫设立1990年4月24日(哈薩克蘇維埃社會主義共和國總統) 哈萨克斯坦 哈萨克斯坦政府...

 

Latin phrase meaning first among equals First among equals redirects here. For other uses, see First Among Equals. For the cognitive bias sometimes known as the primus inter pares effect, see illusory superiority. Part of the Politics seriesRepublicanism Concepts Anti-monarchism Democracy Democratization Liberty as non-domination Popular sovereignty Republic Res publica Social contract Schools Classical Modern Federal Kemalism Nasserism Neo-republicanism Venizelism Types Autonomous Capitalist...

American former government official, academic, engineer, and business executive Kristina Johnson redirects here. For the Filipina American news anchor, see Kristine Johnson. For others people with similar names, see Christine Johnson. Kristina JohnsonJohnson in 200916th President of Ohio State UniversityIn officeAugust 24, 2020 – May 7, 2023Preceded byMichael V. DrakeSucceeded byWalter E. Carter Jr.13th Chancellor of the State University of New YorkIn officeSeptember 2017 –&...

 

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.Part of a series onAfrican Americans History Periods Timeline Atlantic slave trade Abolitionism in the United States Slavery in the colonial history of the US Revolutionary War Antebellum period Slavery and military history during the Civil War Reconstruction era Politicians Juneteenth Civil rights movement (1865–1896) Jim Crow era (1896�...

 

Code page Not to be confused with Code page 866. OEM-855MIME / IANAIBM855Alias(es)cp855, 855[1]Language(s)Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian, Belarusian, Russian, Ukrainian (partial)ClassificationExtended ASCII, OEM code pageBased onCode page 437 / 850Transforms / EncodesISO-8859-5, ISO-IR-111Other related encoding(s)IBM-872vte Code page 855 (CCSID 855) (also known as CP 855, IBM 00855, OEM 855, MS-DOS Cyrillic[2]) is a code page used under DOS to write Cyrillic script.[3]...

Political philosophy and movement that upholds liberty as a core principle For other uses, see Libertarianism (disambiguation). Libertarians redirects here. For political parties, see List of libertarian political parties. Not to be confused with Liberalism. Part of a series onLibertarianism Concepts Abstention Academic freedom Age of consent reform Anti-authoritarianism Anti-capitalism Antimilitarism Anti-statism Artistic freedom Civil liberties Class struggle Cognitive liberty Counter-econo...

 

City in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France Not to be confused with Caen or Cannae. Commune in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, FranceCannes Canas (Occitan)CommuneA view of Cannes FlagCoat of armsLocation of Cannes CannesShow map of FranceCannesShow map of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'AzurCoordinates: 43°33′05″N 7°00′46″E / 43.5513°N 7.0128°E / 43.5513; 7.0128CountryFranceRegionProvence-Alpes-Côte d'AzurDepartmentAlpes-MaritimesArrondissementGrasseCantonCannes-...

 

Species of mammal This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Brush rabbit – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Brush rabbit[1] Brush rabbit (Finley National Wildlife Refuge) Conservation status Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[...

قرية طرقاعة  - قرية -  تقسيم إداري البلد  اليمن المحافظة محافظة المحويت المديرية مديرية الطويلة العزلة عزلة بني سري السكان التعداد السكاني 2004 السكان 181   • الذكور 88   • الإناث 93   • عدد الأسر 25   • عدد المساكن 22 معلومات أخرى التوقيت توقيت اليمن (+3 غريني�...

 

British broadcaster Nino FirettoBornAnthony Edward Paolo Firetto (1957-06-30) 30 June 1957 (age 67)Cheshunt, Hertfordshire, EnglandOccupation(s)radio presenter, television presenter, actor, columnistYears active1976–presentSpouseAnastasiaWebsitewww.ninofiretto.com Anthony Edward Paolo Firetto (born 30 June 1957 in Cheshunt, Hertfordshire) is a British radio presenter, TV host and actor, currently based in San Francisco, United States. Biography Firetto became known as a DJ in the ...