Araucaria angustifolia

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Pino del Paraná
Araucaria angustifolia
Stato di conservazione
Critico[1]
Classificazione scientifica
DominioEukaryota
RegnoPlantae
SottoregnoTracheobionta
SuperdivisioneSpermatophyta
DivisionePinophyta
ClassePinopsida
OrdinePinales
FamigliaAraucariaceae
GenereAraucaria
SpecieA. angustifolia
Nomenclatura binomiale
Araucaria angustifolia
(Bertol.) Kuntze, 1898
Areale

Il pino del Paraná (Araucaria angustifolia: Bertol., Kuntze, 1898; in portoghese pinheiro do Paraná o pinheiro-Brasileiro, e in lingua indigena curí), è l'unica conifera nativa del nordest dell'Argentina è l'unica specie di Araucaria presente in Brasile.[2]

La specie fu inizialmente chiamata Columbea angustifolia (Bertol.), nel 1819.

È un albero la cui presenza ha dato il nome alla città di Curitiba, e di Araucária, ed è anche il simbolo dello stato del Paraná. Oggi è in pericolo di estinzione. È presente in piccola parte anche in alcune città dell'estremo sud dello stato di São Paulo, tra cui Campos do Jordão e São Carlos, e nelle parti più elevate della provincia argentina di Misiones.

Descrizione

È una pianta dioica, quindi presenta i generi maschile e femminile in individui separati. Le foglie danno il nome alla specie, essendo appuntite e dure.

I suoi semi, chiamati "pinhões", erano di grande importanza per l'alimentazione degli indigeni (bolliti a lungo in acqua e sale o arrostiti tra le braci dei propri rami) mentre oggi sono un cibo più pregiato che ha ispirato diverse ricette. Sono larghi circa quindici millimetri e lunghi fino a dieci centimetri. Le pigne possono pesare diversi chili raggiungendo fino a trenta centimetri di diametro.

Importanza della specie

Questa specie è di grande importanza poiché funge da indicatore per la qualità di flora e fauna del bioma. I suoi semi servono da alimento per piccoli animali durante l'inverno, non essendoci in questa stagione altri frutti e nettari.
Le sue chiome servono da protezione per le piccole piante, mantengono l'umidità.

Distribuzione e habitat

È nativa del bioma della Foresta atlantica e costituisce la specie dominante dell'ecoregione della foresta umida di Araucaria, ancora diffusa negli stati del sud del Brasile (Paranà, Rio Grande do Sul e Santa Catarina), ed in alcune località dello stato di Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais e São Paulo, sempre in altitudine tra i 500 m e 1800 m. In Argentina (Misiones) e Paraguay vive fino a 230 m.

Conservazione

È in grande pericolo, perché viene sfruttata - spesso illegalmente - lungo la sua area di diffusione. Poche iniziative di rimboscamento sono attuate per questa specie, che ha visto la sua presenza dimezzata negli ultimi dieci anni. Per questo è stata inserita nella Lista Rossa IUCN come specie in pericolo critico di estinzione (Critically Endangered).[1]

Nonostante la sua importanza, e la grave minaccia di estinzione, esistono poche riserve per la preservazione del suo ecosistema. Nel Parco nazionale degli Aparados da Serra e in quello di Iguaçu sono presenti delle piccole aree con questa specie. Tra i parchi regionali possiamo citare il Parque Estadual das Araucárias di São Domingos nello stato di Santa Catarina, Campos do Jordão e Horto de Campos a São Paulo.

Note

  1. ^ a b (EN) A. Farjon, Araucaria angustifolia, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ Araucaria angustifolia, su The Plant List. URL consultato il 27 gennaio 2014.

Bibliografia

  • Bittencourt, J.V.M. 2007. Araucaria angustifolia - its geography and ecology. University of Reading.
  • Chebez, J.C. 1994. Los que se van. Albatros, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
  • Enright, N.J. and Hill, R.S. 1995. Ecology of the Southern Conifers. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne.
  • Gantzel, O.L. 1982. Avaliação das florestas de Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O. Ktze. do suldo Brasil, através de imagens do satélite LANDSAT-II. Revista Floresta 13: 38-40.
  • Harcourt, C.S. and Sayer, J.A. 1996. The conservation atlas of tropical forests: The Americas. Simon and Schuster Macmillan. New York.
  • IBAMA. 1992. Lista oficial de espécies da flora Brasileira ameaçadas de extinçao (unpublished).
  • Ortega Torres, E., Stutz de Ortega, L. and Spichiger, R. 1989. Noventa especies forestales del Paraguay. Flora del Paraguay. Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de la Ville de Genève and Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.
  • Stefenon, V.M., Steiner, N., Guerra, M.P. and Nodari, R.O. 2009. Integrating approaches towards the conservation of forest genetic resources: a case study of Araucaria angustifolia. Biodiversity Conservation 18: 2433-2448.

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Controllo di autoritàLCCN (ENsh85016622 · GND (DE4146482-5 · J9U (ENHE987007282650005171

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