Abamectina

Abamectina
Nomi alternativi
MK-936
Avermectina B1
Caratteristiche generali
Numero CAS71751-41-2
Numero EINECS615-339-5
Proprietà chimico-fisiche
Densità (g/cm3, in c.s.)1,16 (21 °C)
Solubilità in acqua(20 °C) 7,8 ppb praticamente insolubile
Temperatura di fusione155-157 °C (428-430 K)
Indicazioni di sicurezza
Simboli di rischio chimico
tossicità acuta pericoloso per l'ambiente
pericolo
Frasi H300 - 332 - 400
Consigli P264 - 273 - 301+310 [1]
Modifica dati su Wikidata · Manuale

L'abamectina è una miscela che contiene più dell'80% del composto abamectina B1a (numero CAS 65195-55-3) e meno del 20% del composto abamectina B1b (numero CAS = 65195-56-4)[2], chimicamente due disaccaridi lattonici macrociclici differenziati dalla presenza di un gruppo etile.

Questi due componenti, B1a e B1b hanno proprietà biologiche e tossicologiche molto simili[3] e sono prodotti naturali di fermentazione ottenuti dal batterio del terreno Streptomyces avermitilis[4] originariamente scoperto in Giappone.

Alcuni nomi commerciali sotto cui sono etichettati prodotti a base di abamectina sono Agri-Mek, Avid, Dynamec, Vertimec, Zephyr.

Usi

L'abamectina è usata per controllare i fitofagi delle colture e le formiche del fuoco[3]. La ivermectina, nelle dosi di 50 - 200 µg/kg (composto simile della famiglia delle abamectine), è ampiamente usata per curare gli esseri umani nel programma di oncocercosi dall'Organizzazione mondiale della sanità (cecità del fiume)[4][5]. Il principio attivo è ammesso in endoterapia.

Proprietà fitosanitarie

L'abamectina agisce prevalentemente per ingestione, in quanto l'azione per contatto è subordinata alla sua scarsa persistenza. La sua azione è neurotossica e si esercita sulle trasmissioni sinaptiche e neuromuscolari, provocando rapidamente l'immobilizzazione dei fitofagi e, in pochi giorni, la loro morte. Durante questo intervallo di tempo gli insetti e gli acari colpiti si alimentano pochissimo provocando pochi danni.

È particolarmente attiva contro la psilla del pero, le mosche fillominatrici (Agromizidi) e il tetranychus urticae (ragnetto rosso) nella difesa del pero, del pomodoro e di alcune piante da fiore o ornamentali (crisantemo, gerbera, rosa).

Proprietà fisico-chimiche

Si degrada abbastanza rapidamente in acqua (tempo di dimezzamento 4 giorni). Nei terreni dura dalle due alle quattro settimane; tuttavia è sensibile alla fotodegradazione (in acqua tempo di dimezzamento 12 ore)[6][7]. È solubile in solventi organici quali acetone, metanolo, isopropanolo, toluene.

Note

  1. ^ Sigma Aldrich; rev. del 20.11.2012
  2. ^ Meister, R.T. (ed.). 1992. Farm Chemicals Handbook '92. Meister Publishing Company, Willoughby, OH.
  3. ^ a b Lankas, G.R and L.R. Gordon. Toxicology in W.C. Campbell (ed.). 1989. Ivermectin and Abamectin. Springer-Verlag, NY.
  4. ^ a b Hayes, W.J. and E.R. Laws (eds.). 1990. Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, Classes of Pesticides, Vol. 3. Academic Press, Inc., NY.
  5. ^ Review by Merck Research Laboratories. May 23, 1993.
  6. ^ Wislocki, P.G., et al. Environmental Aspects of Abamectin Use in Crop Protection in W.C. Campbell (ed.). 1989. Ivermectin and Abamectin. Springer-Verlag, NY.
  7. ^ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. July 20, 1990. Pesticide Fact Sheet Number 89.2: Avermectin B1. US EPA, Office of Pesticide Programs, Registration Div., Washington, DC.
Controllo di autoritàLCCN (EN) sh89001807 · GND (DE) 4219803-3 · BNF (FR) cb12270788d (data) · J9U (EN, HE) 987007541880905171
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