'Ata Malik Juwayni

ʿAṭā Malik Juwaynī (in persiano عطاملک جوینی‎; Juwayn, 1226Azerbaigian, 1283) è stato un politico persiano, successore - in veste di Governatore di Baghdad - di Guo Kan[1][2][3][4][5].

Il suo nome completo era ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn ʿAṭāʾ Allāh (in persiano علاء الدین عطاء الله‎) e fu un politico, nonché autore di un'opera riguardante l'Impero mongolo, intitolata Tarīkh-i Jahān-gushā (Storia del conquistatore del mondo).

Suo nonno e suo padre, Bahāʾ al-Dīn avevano occupato la carica di ṣāḥīb-dīvān, o ministro delle Finanze, rispettivamente per conto di Muḥammad Jalāl al-Dīn Mankubirni e Ögedei Khan. Bahāʾ al-Dīn era stato verso il 1246 anche rappresentante dell'Emiro Arghūn, e in questa funzione aveva avuto giurisdizione su un'ampia area, comprendente la Georgia e l'Armenia.

Juwaynī stesso divenne un importante funzionario dell'Impero. Visitò due volte la capitale mongola di Karakorum, avviando la sua storia delle conquiste mongole nel corso di una di tali visite (c. 1252-53). Fu con l'Ilkhan Hulagu nel 1256 nella sua azione contro il centro ismailita di Alamūt e a lui si deve la salvezza di una buona parte della sua celebre biblioteca. Accompagnò Hulagu anche durante la sua presa di Baghdad, che nel 1258 mise fine al Califfato abbaside, e l'anno successivo fu nominato Governatore dell'antica capitale abbaside, della Bassa Mesopotamia e del Khuzistan. Verso il 1282, Juwaynī raggiunse il Kuriltai (o qurultai, cioè Assemblea), convocata nella zona dei pascoli di Ala-Taq a NE del Lago Van. Morì l'anno dopo a Mughan, o Arran (Azerbaigian persiano).

Il fratello di Juwaynī fu il potente Shams al-Dīn Moḥammad Ṣāḥib-Dīvān, che servì come ministro delle Finanze sotto Hulagu e Abaqa Khan, un abile leader, Shams al-Dīn ebbe anche influenti suoceri: sua moglie Khoshak fu infatti figlia di Awak Zak'arean-Mkhargrdzeli - importante comandante militare (amīr sipahsālār) di Georgia e Gvantsa - che più tardi divenne regina di Georgia.

La posizione politica di ʿAṭā Malik Juwaynī lo mise in condizione di scrivere un'importante e fondamentale storia dei Mongoli, ricca d'informazioni altrimenti impossibili da maneggiare da parte di altri storici musulmani. Tuttavia, per ragioni a noi ignote, il capolavoro di Juwaynī si ferma al 1260, più di venti anni prima della sua morte.

L'edizione principe della storia di Juwaynī è stata pubblicata sotto il titolo di Tarīkh-i Jahān-gushā, ed. Mirza Muhammad Qazwini, 3 voll., Gibb Memorial Series 16 (Leiden and London, 1912–37).
In Italia il lavoro è stato tradotto e commentato nel 1962 dall'iranista Gianroberto Scarcia.

Note

  1. ^ Colin A. Ronan, The Shorter Science and Civilisation in China, Volume 5 of The Shorter Science and Civilisation in China: An Abridgement of Joseph Needham's Original Text, illustrated, Cambridge University Press, 1995, p. 250, ISBN 0-521-46773-X. URL consultato il 28 novembre 2011.
    «Moreover, many Chinese were in the first wave of the Mongolian conquest of Iran and Iraq - a Chinese general, Guo Kan, was first governor of Baghdad after its capture in ad 1258. As the Mongols had a habit of destroying irrigation and»
  2. ^ Original from the University of Michigan Thomas Francis Carter, The invention of printing in China and its spread westward, 2ª ed., Ronald Press Co., 1955, p. 174. URL consultato il 28 novembre 2011.
    «The name of this Chinese general was Kuo K'an (Mongol, Kuka Ilka). He commanded the right flank of the Mongol army in its advance on Baghdad and remained in charge of the city after its surrender. His life in Chinese has been preserved»
  3. ^ Thomas Francis Carter, The invention of printing in China and its spread westward, 2ª ed., Ronald Press Co., 1955, p. 171. URL consultato il 28 giugno 2010.
    «Chinese influences soon made themselves strongly felt in Hulagu's dominions. A Chinese general was made the first governor of Baghdad,5 and Chinese engineers were employed to improve the irrigation of the Tigris-Euphrates basin»
  4. ^ Jacques Gernet, A history of Chinese civilization, Cambridge University Press, 1996, p. 377, ISBN 0-521-49781-7. URL consultato il 28 ottobre 2010.
  5. ^ Lillian Craig Harris, China considers the Middle East, illustrated, Tauris, 1993, p. 26, ISBN 1-85043-598-7. URL consultato il 28 giugno 2010.
    «The first governor of Baghdad under the new regime was Guo Kan, a Chinese general who had commanded the Mongols' right flank in the siege of Baghdad. Irrigation works in the Tigris-Euphrates basin were improved by Chinese engineers»
    (Original from the University of Michigan)

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