Laura Jane Addams ^[1] (September 6, 1860 - May 21, 1935) bụ onye America na-eme ngagharị iwe, onye na-eme mgbanwe, onye ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ^{[2] [3]} onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na mmadụ, onye nchịkwa ọha na eze, onye ọkà ihe ọmụma, na onye edemede. Ọ bụ onye ndu n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ikike ụmụ nwanyị. N'afọ 1889, Addams guzobere Hull House, otu n'ime ụlọ ndị a ma ama na America, na Chicago, Illinois, na-enye ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze dị ukwuu maka ndị ogbenye, ọtụtụ ezinụlọ ndị si mba ọzọ. N'ihe gbasara nkà ihe ọmụma, ọ bụ "onye na-eme ihe n'ụzọ siri ike", a na-ekwu na ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ na-ahụ maka ọkà ihe ọmụma ọha na eze na United States. N'oge Progressive Era, mgbe ọbụna ndị isi ala dị ka Theodore Roosevelt na Woodrow Wilson gosipụtara onwe ha dị ka ndị na-eme mgbanwe ma nwee ike ile ha anya dị ka ndị ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, Addams bụ otu n'ime ndị na-emepụta mgbanwe a ma ama. 

Onye na-akwado Udo ụwa, ma bụrụ onye a ma ama dị ka onye guzobere ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na United States, na 1931 Addams ghọrọ nwanyị America mbụ e nyere onyinye Nobel Peace Prize; ^[4] ya na Nicholas Murray Butler kerịtara mmeri ahụ. Na mbido, e nyere Addams nzere Master of Arts na Mahadum Yale na 1910, na-aghọ nwanyị mbụ natara nzere nsọpụrụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ.^[5] N'afọ 1920, ọ bụ onye guzobere American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). ^[6]

Addams nyeere America aka idozi ma lekwasị anya n'okwu ndị na-echegbu ndị nne, yana ọrụ ụlọ e kenyere ụmụ nwanyị, dị ka mkpa ụmụaka, ahụike ọha na eze, na udo ụwa. N'ime edemede ya "Utilization of Women in City Government", Addams kwuru njikọ dị n'etiti ọrụ gọọmentị na ezinụlọ, na-ekwu na ọtụtụ ngalaba gọọmentị, dị ka ịdị ọcha na agụmakwụkwọ ụmụaka, nwere ike ịlaghachi azụ na ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị ọdịnala na mpaghara onwe.^[7] Mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1935, Addams bụ nwanyị a ma ama na United States.^[8]

A amụrụ ya na Cedarville, Illinois, ^[9] Jane Addams bụ nwa ikpeazụ n'ime ụmụ asatọ a mụrụ n'ezinụlọ bara ọgaranya n'ebe ugwu Illinois nke sitere na ndị England na America nke laghachiri na Pennsylvania. N'afọ 1863, mgbe Addams dị afọ abụọ, nne ya, Sarah Addams (née Weber), nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị ime nwa ya nke itoolu. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ụmụnne ya nwanyị tọrọ ya lekọtara Addams. Ka ọ na-erule mgbe Addams dị afọ asatọ, anọ n'ime ụmụnne ya anwụọla: atọ n'oge ọ bụ nwa ọhụrụ na otu mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii. ^{[10] [11][12]}

Addams nọrọ n'oge ọ bụ nwata na-egwuri egwu n'èzí, na-agụ akwụkwọ n'ime ụlọ, ma na-aga Ụlọ akwụkwọ Sọnde. Mgbe ọ dị afọ anọ, ọ butere ụkwara nta nke ọkpụkpụ azụ, nke a maara dị ka Ọrịa Potts, nke kpatara nkwonkwo azụ ya na nsogbu ahụike ogologo oge. Nke a mere ka o sie ike dị ka nwatakịrị iso ụmụaka ndị ọzọ rụọ ọrụ, na-atụle na ọ nwere nkwarụ ma ghara ịgba ọsọ nke ọma.^[13] Dị ka nwatakịrị, o chere na ọ dị njọ ma mesịa cheta na ọ chọghị ime ihere nna ya, mgbe o yi uwe ya kachasị mma na Sọnde, site n'iso ya na-aga n'okporo ámá.^[14]

Jane Addams hụrụ nna ya n'anya, John H. Addams, mgbe ọ bụ nwata, ka ọ na-akọ na ncheta ya, Afọ iri abụọ na Hull House (1910). [1] Ọ bụ onye guzobere Illinois Republican Party, jere ozi dị ka onye Senator Illinois State (1855–1870), ma kwado enyi ya Abraham Lincoln na mkpọsa ya maka Congress (1854) na Onye isi ala (1860). O debere akwụkwọ ozi sitere na Lincoln na tebụl ya, na Addams nwere mmasị ile ya anya mgbe ọ bụ nwata. [2] Nna ya bụ onye ọchụnta ego bara ọgaranya nwere nnukwu ubi, ehi na ugbo; otu ntụ ọka na igwe osisi; na igwe igwe owu. Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke abụọ National Bank of Freeport, Illinois. Ọ lụrụ ọzọ na 1868 mgbe Addams dị afọ asatọ. Nwunye ya nke abụọ bụ Anna Hostler Haldeman, nwanyị di ya nwụrụ nke onye na-eme ihe nkiri Freeport. [1]

N'oge ọ bụ nwata, Addams nwere nnukwu nrọ ime ihe bara uru n'ụwa. Dị ka onye na-agụ akwụkwọ nke ukwuu, ọ malitere inwe mmasị na ndị ogbenye site na ọgụgụ ya nke Charles Dickens. N'ịbụ onye ọrụ ya na obiọma nne ya nwere n'ebe ndị ogbenye nọ na Cedarville nọ kpaliri, Addams kpebiri ịghọ dọkịta ka o wee nwee ike ibi ma rụọ ọrụ n'etiti ndị ogbenye.

Nna Addams gbara ya ume ka ọ gaa agụmakwụkwọ ka elu mana ọ dị nso n'ụlọ. Ọ chọsiri ike ịga kọleji ọhụrụ maka ụmụ nwanyị, Smith College na Massachusetts, mana nna ya chọrọ ka ọ gaa Rockford Female Seminary (nke bụzi Mahadum Rockford), na Rockford, Illinois.^[9]

Ahụmahụ ya na Rockford na-egosi ya n'iji teknụzụ US eme ihe. Ɔ Film na gburugburu ụmụaka anọ. Ọ deziri akwụkwọ ọgụgụ, bụ onye ikpeazụ ọkà okwu, isiokwu na onye ndú nke klas nke 1881. Addams akwụkwọ na ndị ọzọ na-etinye aka na post-secondary agụmakwụkwọ ga-enwe ọhụrụ ike na ihe ịma aka. O were nke a na ndị na-enye achịcha (1880), okwu o kwuru mgbe ọ bụ nwata.[1] O kwuru na "mgbanwe ahụ mere ... na ike nke ụmụaka gosipụtara." [2] Na usoro nke imetụta isi ha na ọrụ ha, ihe ọhụrụ na-eme.[3] "Ọ bụghị ịbụ ma ọ bụ ịdị ka ụmụ nwoke" mana ha kwuru "otu ike iche echiche na ime onwe ya." Nwanyị ya na mgba na-enweta "nkwado ọhụrụ na nhọrọ ya, LED na ngwaọrụ ya na-aga n'ihu." [2] [4]

Mgbe ọ nọ na Rockford, ọgụgụ ya nke Thomas Carlyle, John Ruskin, Leo Tolstoy na ndị ọzọ ghọrọ mmetụta dị mkpa. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Rockford na 1881, na asambodo kọleji na onye otu na Phi Beta Kappa, ọ ka na-atụ anya ịga Smith iji nweta B.A. N'oge okpomọkụ ahụ, nna ya nwụrụ na mberede site na ọrịa appendicitis na mberede.^[9] Nwatakịrị ọ bụla ketara ihe dịka $ 50,000 (nke ya na $ 1.67 na 2016).

N'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ ahụ, Addams, nwanne ya nwanyị Alice, di Alice Harry, na nne nne ha, Anna Haldeman Addams, kwagara Philadelphia ka ndị ntorobịa atọ ahụ wee nwee ike ịchụso agụmakwụkwọ ahụike. Harry enwetala ọzụzụ na nkà mmụta ọgwụ ma gaa n'ihu na Mahadum Pennsylvania. Jane na Alice gụsịrị afọ mbụ ha n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike na Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania, ^[9] mana nsogbu ahụike Jane, ịwa ahụ n'ọkpụkpụ azụ ^[9] na nkụchi akwara gbochiri ya ịmecha akara ugo mmụta ahụ. Obi gbawara ya maka ọdịda ya. Nne nne ya Anna na-arịa ọrịa, ya mere ezinụlọ ahụ dum kagburu atụmatụ ha ịnọ afọ abụọ wee laghachi Cedarville.^[15] Nwanne di ya Harry mere ịwa ahụ n'azụ ya, iji dozie ya. Mgbe ahụ, ọ dụrụ ya ọdụ ka ọ ghara ịga akwụkwọ kama, kama ọ ga-eme njem. N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1883, ya na nne nne ya malitere njem afọ abụọ na Europe, na-eme njem ụfọdụ oge na ndị enyi na ndị ezinụlọ sonyeere ha. Addams kpebiri na ọ gaghị abụ dọkịta iji nwee ike inyere ndị ogbenye aka.^[16]

Mgbe ọ laghachiri n'ụlọ na June 1887, ya na nne nne ya biri na Cedarville ma soro ya nọrọ n'oge oyi na Baltimore. Addams, ka jupụtara na oké ọchịchọ, dara n'ịda mbà n'obi, na-ejighị n'aka ọdịnihu ya ma na-eche na ọ baghị uru na-eduzi ndụ nkịtị a na-atụ anya na nwa agbọghọ bara ọgaranya. O degaara enyi ya si Rockford Seminary, Ellen Gates Starr, akwụkwọ ozi ogologo, karịsịa banyere Iso Ụzọ Kraịst na akwụkwọ mana mgbe ụfọdụ banyere obi nkoropụ ya.^[17]

Nwa nwanne ya nwoke bụ James Weber Linn (1876-1939) onye kụziri Bekee na Mahadum Chicago ma jee ozi na Illinois General Assembly. Linn dekwara akwụkwọ na akụkọ akwụkwọ akụkọ.

Ka ọ dịgodị, Addams nwetara mkpali site n'ihe ọ gụrụ. Ndị Kraịst oge mbụ na akwụkwọ Tolstoy bụ My Religion masịrị ya, e mere ya baptizim dị ka Onye Kraịst na Cedarville Presbyterian Church n'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 1886. N'ịgụ akwụkwọ Giuseppe Mazzini's Duties of Man, echiche nke ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya dị ka ụkpụrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya malitere ịkpali ya. Ma ọ nwere mgbagwoju anya banyere ọrụ ya dị ka nwanyị. Akwụkwọ John Stuart Mill's The Subjection of Women mere ka ọ jụọ nrụgide ọha na eze na nwanyị ịlụ di ma nyefee ndụ ya n'ezinụlọ.^[18]

N'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 1887, Addams gụrụ na magazin banyere echiche ọhụrụ nke ịmalite ụlọ obibi. O kpebiri ileta nke mbụ n'ụwa, Toynbee Hall, na London. Ya na ọtụtụ ndị enyi, gụnyere Ellen Gates Starr, gara Europe site na Disemba 1887 ruo n'oge ọkọchị nke 1888. Mgbe ọ kiriri ọgụ ehi na Madrid, ihe ọ hụrụ dị ka omenala pụrụ iche masịrị ya, Addams katọrọ mmasị a na enweghị ike iwe ya maka ahụhụ nke ịnyịnya na ehi. Na mbụ, Addams agwaghị onye ọ bụla banyere nrọ ya ịmalite ụlọ obibi, mana, ọ na-enwe obi amamikpe maka ịghara ime ihe na nrọ ya.^[19] N'ikwere na ịkekọrịta nrọ ya nwere ike inyere ya aka ime ya, ọ gwara Ellen Gates Starr. Starr hụrụ echiche ahụ n'anya ma kweta isonyere Addams n'ịmalite ụlọ obibi.^[20]

Addams na enyi ọzọ gara London na-enweghị Starr, onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike.^[21] N'ileta Toynbee Hall, Addams nwere obi ụtọ. Ọ kọwara ya dị ka "otu obodo nke ụmụ nwoke Mahadum bi n'ebe ahụ, nwere klọb ntụrụndụ ha na ọha mmadụ niile n'etiti ndị ogbenye, ma, n'otu ụdị ahụ ha ga-ebi n'etiti ha. Ọ bụ n'efu nke 'ị na-eme ihe ọma,' n'ụzọ na-enweghị mmetụta ma na-arụpụta ezigbo nsonaazụ na klas ya na ọbá akwụkwọ ya yiri ka ọ dị mma. "Ọraụ Addams nke klas ndị na-agwakọta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ha, dịka ha nwere na ndị Kraịst mbụ yiri ka ọ bụ n'ụdị ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ ahụ.^[22]

Ụlọ obibi dị ka Addams chọpụtara bụ oghere ebe enwere ike ịme njikọ ọdịbendị a na-atụghị anya ya na ebe enwere ike ịgbasa ókèala dị warara nke ọdịbendị, klas, na agụmakwụkwọ. Ha ji okpukpu abụọ dị ka ebe nka obodo na ụlọ ọrụ ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Ha tọrọ ntọala maka ọha mmadụ America, oghere na-anọpụ iche ebe obodo dị iche iche na echiche dị iche iche nwere ike ịmụta ihe n'aka ibe ha ma chọọ otu ihe maka ọrụ ọnụ. Ọrụ ụlọ obibi ahụ bụ "mgbalị na-adịghị agwụ agwụ iji mee ka ọdịbendị na 'okwu nke ihe' gbakọọ ọnụ. " Mgbalị na'adịghị agwụ ike bụ akụkọ ndụ ya, ọgụ iji mee ka omenala nke ya dị ike site na ijikọ ya na ọdịiche na esemokwu nke obodo ndị mbịarambịa n'obodo America na mkpa nke mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. ^[23]

N'afọ 1889 Addams na enyi ya na kọleji na onye ọ hụrụ n'anya Ellen Gates Starr ^[24] jikọrọ aka guzobe Hull House, ụlọ obibi na Chicago. Charles Hull wuru nnukwu ụlọ ahụ mebiri emebi na 1856 ma chọọ nrụzi na mmelite. Addams na mbụ kwụrụ ụgwọ maka mmefu ego niile (ịrụzi elu ụlọ ahụ, imezigharị ọnụ ụlọ, ịzụta oche) na ọtụtụ n'ime ụgwọ ọrụ. Otú ọ dị, onyinye sitere n'aka ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu kwadoro ụlọ ahụ malite n'afọ mbụ ya ma Addams nwere ike belata oke onyinye ya, ọ bụ ezie na mmefu ego kwa afọ toro ngwa ngwa. Ụfọdụ ụmụ nwanyị bara ọgaranya ghọrọ ndị na-enye onyinye ogologo oge na ụlọ ahụ, gụnyere Helen Culver, onye na-elekọta ala nwa nwanne nne ya Charles Hull, onye mechara kwe ka ndị na-inye onyinye jiri ụlọ ahụ mee ihe n'efu. Ndị ọzọ nyere aka bụ Louise DeKoven Bowen, Mary Rozet Smith, Mary Wilmarth, na ndị ọzọ.^[25][26]

Addams na Starr bụ mmadụ abụọ mbụ bi na akụrụngwa ahụ, nke ga-emecha nwee ihe dị ka anụmanụ 25. N'ime ụbọchị ya, [1] ihe dị ka mmadụ 2,000 na-eleta Hull House kwa izu. Ụlọ Hull bụ ebe izu ike, ịdị ọcha, itinye uche na ọgwụgwọ, yana ebe obibi na maka imemma obodo. Otu n'ime ndị kacha nwee mmetụta na Hull House bụ onye nwere foto, akwụkwọ akụkọ, na ndụ ọtụtụ ndị bi na ya.[2] Ndị bi na Hull House kere ebe obibi ezinụlọ, ụgbọ nwa, ike, ụkwara nta, typhoid, mkpofu ahịhịa, cocaine, na ọrụ. Ndị bi na Hull House bụ ụmụ akwụkwọ gụrụ akwụkwọ nke ọma bụ ndị na-akwado ntọala ha na ndị ọrụ ọrụ, National Consumers League, na nhọpụta ntuli aka.[2] Dr. Harriett Alleyne Rice sonyeere Hull House iji nye ndị ogbenye ọrụ.[3] Ihe owuwu ya gụnyere ụlọ akwụkwọ maka ndị okenye, ụfọdụ maka ndị agadi, ụlọ nzukọ obodo, ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie, ụlọ mgbatị ahụ, ụfọdụ maka ụmụ akwụkwọ, ụlọ ịsa ahụ, ọbá akwụkwọ, ọbá akwụkwọ, ụlọ ihe nkiri, na ụlọ ihe nkiri. Usoro ide akwụkwọ ozi bụ ihe mmalite nke usoro na-aga n'ihu nke ọtụtụ mahadum na-enye taa. Na mgbakwunye na ịnye ohere mmekọrịta ọha na eze na omenala maka ọtụtụ ndị kwabatara bi na campus, Hull House nyere nhọrọ maka ndị ọrụ na-eto eto iji nweta ikike ha. N'ikpeazụ, Hull House nwere ụlọ obibi iri na atọ, ụlọ ihe nkiri, na ebe obibi okpomọkụ (nke a maara dị ka Bowen Country Club).

Otu akwụkwọ nke Hull House nke dị ezigbo mkpa nye Jane Addams bụ Art Program. Ihe omume nka na Hull House nyere Addams ọhọpụta ikike ike ihe aka, nke "mmere" onye ahụ maka ọrụ ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ a kapịrị ọnụ. Ọ ụlọ ka ụlọ ahụ nye eze, oge na ngwaọrụ iji gbaa ndị mmadụ ume iche echiche n'onwe ha. Ọ nka dị ka isi ihe iji ụdị obodo dị iche nke ahụ site na dị n'otu, onye onwe onye, ​​Flash na echiche. Ihe osise bụ ndị dị mkpa nke kaadị ya obodo, na-emebi echiche ndị a na-ejighị n'aka ma na- ndu na-ahụ dị iche iche nke ọha mmadụ nwere ike na-adabere na ya, dabere na idepụta site na na-adịghị.[1]

Site na ego sitere n'aka Edward Butler, Addams mepere ebe ngosi nka na oghere studio dị ka otu n'ime mgbakwunye mbụ na Hull House. Ala mbụ nke mgbakwunye ọhụrụ ahụ nwere ngalaba nke Chicago Public Library, ụlọ nke abụọ nwere ụlọ Butler Art Gallery, bụ nke gosipụtara nchịkọta ọrụ nkà a ma ama yana ọrụ ndị na-ese ihe n'ógbè ahụ. Oghere ihe nkiri dị n'ime ụlọ ngosi ahụ nyere ma ndị bi na Hull House na ndị obodo ebe ha ga-amụ ihe nka ma ọ bụ ịbata ma nụchaa ọrụ ha mgbe ọ bụla ha chọrọ. Ka Hull House tolitere, na mmekọrịta ya na ndị agbata obi ya na-abawanye, ohere ahụ ghọrọ obere ihe nkasi obi maka ndị ogbenye na ụzọ isi gosipụta na ịgbanwe omenala na obodo dị iche iche. Nkà na omenala na-aghọ akụkụ buru ibu na nke dị mkpa nke ndụ ndị kwabatara na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, n'oge na-adịghịkwa anya ụmụaka abanyela n'omume ahụ. Enyere ụmụaka ndị a nkuzi n'ụdị na ọkwa nka niile. Ebe dị ka Butler Art Gallery ma ọ bụ Bowen Country Club na-enwekarị klaasị ndị a, mana a na-akụzikarị klas ndị ọzọ n'èzí. Addams, site n'enyemaka nke Ellen Gates Starr, hiwere Chicago Public School Art Society (CPSAS) na nzaghachi dị mma na klaasị nka ụmụaka. CPSAS nyere ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha ihe osise nke ndị nka ama ama n'ụwa, goro ndị na-ese ihe ka ha kuziere ụmụaka ka e si emepụta nka, ma kpọga ụmụ akwụkwọ ahụ gaa n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ nka nke Chicago.[1]

Mpaghara Hull House bụ ngwakọta nke agbụrụ Europe ndị kwagara Chicago na mmalite nke narị afọ nke 20. Ngwakọta ahụ bụ ala ebe ndị na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ndị ọrụ ebere nke Hull House nwalere echiche ha ma maa ụlọ ọrụ ahụ aka. Bethlehem-Howard Neighborhood Center dekọrọ ngwakọta agbụrụ ahụ: "Ndị Germany na ndị Juu biri n'ebe ndịda nke etiti ahụ (n'ebe ndị ọzọ nke Twelfth Street)... Delta nke Ndị Gris guzobere site na Harrison, Halsted Street, na Blue Island Streets jere ozi dị ka ihe mgbochi maka ndị Irish bi n'ebe ugwu na ndị French Canada bi n'akụkụ ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ. " Ndị Ịtali bi n'ime etiti nke Hull House Neighborship ... site n'osimiri dị na nsọtụ ọwụwa anyanwụ, gaa na nsọtụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke ihe a bịara mara dị ka Little Italy.^[27] Ndị Gris na ndị Juu, tinyere ihe fọdụrụ n'ìgwè ndị ọzọ si mba ọzọ kwabata, malitere ọpụpụ ha site na agbata obi na mmalite narị afọ nke 20. Naanị ndị Ịtali gara n'ihu dị ka obodo na-enweghị nsogbu ma na-aga nke ọma site na Great Depression, Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, na karịa "ụkpụrụ omume ọma" atọ kachasị mma maka ebe obibi ọha na eze: "ịkụzi site na ihe atụ, imekọ ihe ọnụ, na ime ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, ya bụ, ịha nhata, ma ọ bụ ọchịchị onye kwuo okwu, mmekọrịta ọha na eze gafee klas. Ya mere, Hull House nyere usoro zuru oke nke ọrụ obodo, ọdịbendị, ntụrụndụ, na agụmakwụkwọ ma dọta ndị ọbịa na-adọrọ mmasị site n'akụkụ ụwa niile, gụnyere William Lyon Mackenzie King, onye mechara bụrụ nwa akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Harvard. N'afọ 1890, Julia Lathrop, Florence Kelley, na ndị ọzọ bi n'ụlọ ahụ mere ka ọ bụrụ ebe ọrụ mgbanwe ọha na eze n'ụwa. Hull House jiri usoro kachasị ọhụrụ (ịsụ ụzọ na eserese ọnụ ọgụgụ) mụọ oke mmadụ, enweghị ọrụ, ịba na typhoid, cocaine, ịgụ ụmụaka, ndị nta akụkọ, ọnwụ nwa ọhụrụ, na ịmụ nwa. Malite na mgbalị iji melite agbata obi dị nso, otu Hull House tinyere aka na mkpọsa obodo na steeti niile maka ụlọ ka mma, mmelite na ọdịmma ọha na eze, iwu ụmụaka siri ike, na nchedo nke ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ. Addams wetara ndị ọbịa a ma ama site na gburugburu ụwa ma nwee njikọ chiri anya na ndị isi Chicago na ndị ọrụ ebere. N'afọ 1912, o nyere aka malite Progressive Party ọhụrụ ma kwado mkpọsa onye isi ala nke Theodore Roosevelt.

"Filosophy Adams jikọtara mmetụta ụmụ nwanyị na mkpebi siri ike maka imeziwanye mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya site na mgbalị imekọ ihe ọnụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ nwere ọmịiko na ndị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị, ndị na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na eze, na ndị na'udo, Addams jụrụ ka a kpọọ ya aha. Ọjụjụ a bụ nke bara uru karịa nke echiche. "^[28]

Ụlọ Hull kwusiri ike mkpa ọ dị ịrụ ọrụ ụmụaka na Americanization nke ndị mbata ọhụrụ. Nkà ihe ọmụma a kwalitekwara egwuregwu na nyocha na mpaghara ntụrụndụ, ntorobịa, na ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Addams rụrụ ụka na Mmụọ nke Ntorobịa na okporo ụzọ Obodo (1909) na egwuregwu na ntụrụndụ dị mkpa n'ihi na obodo ahụ na-emebi mmụọ ntorobịa. Ụlọ Hull gosipụtara ọtụtụ mmemme na nka na ihe nkiri, klaasị ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara, klọb ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị, klaasị asụsụ, otu ịgụ akwụkwọ, mmemme ịgbatị kọleji, yana ebe ịsa ahụ ọha, ụlọ mgbatị ahụ, ụlọ nka, na ebe egwuregwu, niile dị n'ime gburugburu ebe enwere ike ikwu okwu. E mere ha nile iji kwalite nkwado onye kwuo uche ya, ịdị n'otu, na omume onye ọ bụla. O nyeere aka ịgafe koodu ụlọ mbụ na iwu ụlọ ọrụ mbụ.

Ya na ndị ọrụ ibe ya sitere na Hull House, na 1901 Jane Addams tọrọ ntọala ihe ga-abụ Òtù Na-echebe Ụmụaka. JPA nyere ndị otu nchekwa ụmụaka mbụ na United States ruo oge ahụ. Site na 1907 ruo 1940, JPA na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ihe gbasara ikpe ziri ezi nke ụmụaka, na-ekpuchi isiokwu ndị dị ka mmegbu, ọrụ na mmegbu, iji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe, na mpụ na nsogbu nke Chicago. Ruo ọtụtụ afọ, otu ahụ rụrụ ọrụ iji meziwanye ndụ ndị nwere nkwarụ na iji ụmụaka nwere nkwarụ na-arụkọ ọrụ ka ha wee nwee ike iru eru ha n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, n'obodo, na n'ógbè ha.[1]

Addams na ndị ọrụ ibe ya dere akụkọ ọdịdị obodo nke ịba ahụ ma kọọ na ndị ọrụ dara ogbenye na-ebu ihe kachasị njọ nke ọrịa ahụ. Ọ chọpụtara nrụrụ aka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na anyaukwu azụmaahịa nke mere ka ndị ọchịchị obodo leghara ahụike, ịdị ọcha, na iwu ụlọ anya. N'ịgwakọta Ikpe ziri ezi na gburugburu ebe obibi na mgbanwe obodo, o mechara merie ndị isi ma kwalite nkesa ziri ezi nke ọrụ obodo na omume nyocha nke oge a. Addams kwuru banyere "ike a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha nke ntụrụndụ ọha na eze iji mee ka klas nke obodo dị iche iche dị iche iche". Addams sooro Chicago Board of Health rụọ ọrụ ma bụrụ osote onye isi oche mbụ nke Playground Association of America.

N'afọ 1912, Addams bipụtara A New Conscience and Ancient Evil, banyere ịgba akwụna. Akwụkwọ a bụ ihe a ma ama nke ukwuu. Addams kwenyere na ịgba akwụna bụ naanị n'ihi ịtọrọ mmadụ. Akwụkwọ ya mechara kpalie Stella Wynne Herron's 1916 short story Shoes, nke Lois Weber mere ka ọ bụrụ ihe nkiri na-emepe emepe nke 1916 nke otu aha ahụ.^[29]

Addams na ndị ọrụ ibe ya bu n'obi na Hull House bụ ngwaọrụ nnyefe iji weta ụkpụrụ nke omenala dị elu gụrụ akwụkwọ na kọleji nye ndị mmadụ, gụnyere Efficiency Movement, nnukwu mmegharị na mba ndị na-emepụta ihe na mmalite narị afọ nke 20 nke chọrọ ịchọpụta na iwepụ ihe mkpofu na akụ na ụba na ọha mmadụ, yana ịzụlite ma tinye n'ọrụ omume kachasị mma. Otú ọ dị, ka oge na-aga, a gbanwere anya site n'iweta nka na ọdịbendị n'ógbè ahụ (dị ka e gosipụtara na iwu ụlọ Butler) iji meghachi omume na mkpa nke obodo site n'inye nlekọta ụmụaka, ohere agụmakwụkwọ, na nnukwu oghere nzukọ. Hull House ghọrọ ihe karịrị ebe nnwale maka ọgbọ ọhụrụ nke ụmụ nwanyị gụrụ akwụkwọ na kọleji, ndị ọkachamara: ọ ghọkwara akụkụ nke obodo ebe a tọrọ ntọala ya, mmepe ya na-ekpughe akụkọ ihe mere eme.

Addams kpọrọ ụmụ nwanyị, ọkachasị ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'etiti nwere oge ntụrụndụ na ume yana ndị ọrụ ebere bara ọgaranya, ka ha rụọ ọrụ obodo ha itinye aka n'ihe omume obodo dị ka okwu nke "ịrụ ụlọ obodo". Addams si otú a gbasaa echiche nke ọrụ obodo iji tinye ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị karịa ịbụ nne (nke gụnyere ịzụlite ụmụaka). Ndụ ụmụ nwanyị na-agba gburugburu "ibu ọrụ, nlekọta, na ibu ọrụ", nke na-anọchite anya isi iyi nke ike ụmụ nwanyị. Echiche a nyere ntọala maka ọrụ ime obodo ma ọ bụ nke obodo nke Addams kọwara ma nyewanye ike na mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị nke Addams kwadoro. Addams kwuru na a zụrụ ụmụ nwanyị, n'adịghị ka ụmụ nwoke, n'ihe ndị dị nro nke ọdịmma mmadụ ma chọọ iwulite ọrụ ọdịnala ha nke ide ụlọ iji bụrụ ndị na-elekọta ụlọ. Ọrụ idebe ụlọ ka ukwuu gụnyere mgbalị mgbanwe gbasara nsị na-egbu egbu, mmiri ara ehi na-adịghị ọcha (nke na-ebu ụkwara nta), ikuku na-ese anwụrụ ọkụ, na ọnọdụ ụlọ ọrụ na-adịghị mma. Addams duziri "agha mkpofu"; na 1894 ọ ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ a họpụtara dị ka onye nyocha nke ịdị ọcha nke Chicago's 19th Ward. Site n'enyemaka nke Hull House Women's Club, n'ime otu afọ, a kọọrọ kansụl obodo ihe karịrị 1,000 mmebi iwu nke ngalaba ahụike na nchịkọta ihe mkpofu belatara ọnwụ na ọrịa.

Addams na onye ọrụ ebere John Dewey nwere ike ịrụ ụka ogologo oge na ha kọwapụtara ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya n'ihe gbasara pragmatism na localism, na-emesi ọrụ ike na oke ike.[1] Echiche nke abụọ nke na-eme ka Addams na mpaghara ya dị iche na ndị inyom nke oge a bụ mkpa ọ dị ịgbasa n'ime ndụ nke ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na obodo na nchọpụta nke usoro ochichi onye kwuo uche ya na omume nke na-ejedebe na ngwá ọrụ ngwá ọrụ, dị ka na mmemme Addams maka otu oge ọrụ na nke abụọ, oku ha na-akpọ maka ike ka e nye echiche nke ndị na-achị 2] oge otu na [.

Ọrụ Addams lekwasịrị anya na ụmụ nwanyị, mmekọahụ, ihe ngosi, na ịbụ nne. N'ime akụkọ ndụ ya abụọ, Afọ iri abụọ na Hull House (1910) na afọ iri abụọ na abụọ na Hull House (1930), ọrụ okike Addams kwekọrọ na echiche Progressive-Era ya. N'akwụkwọ ya A New Conscience and An Ancient Evil (1912), ọ na-akọwa ihe ụmụ mmadụ na nke ọha mmadụ na-esi na ịgba ohu, ịgba ohu, na ụdị nrigbu ndị ọzọ n'etiti ụmụaka na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ America site na 1890 ruo 1910. Addams' autobiography bụ ma nghọta ma na-enye ike, ọ bụkwa ihe akaebe na-egosi na ọ nwere ike ime ka ikike ya nwee ike. Ọ na-egosipụta onwe ya dị ka nwunye ma ọ bụ esi nri na-ejere ndị mkpọrọ Hull House ozi, dị ka a ga-asị na ha bụ ụmụ ya. N'agbanyeghị na ọ bụghị nne n'onwe ya, a na-ewere Addams dị ka "nne nke mba", n'ihi ọdịdị nne ya n'anya ndị ya.[1].

Addams nọgidere na-enwe usoro ihe omume ya dị arọ nke okwu ihu ọha gburugburu mba ahụ, ọkachasị na kọleji. Na mgbakwunye, ọ na-enye ọmụmụ kọleji site na Ngalaba Mgbasawanye nke Mahadum Chicago. Ọ jụrụ onyinye sitere na mahadum ka ọ bụrụ onye mmekọ ya, gụnyere onyinye sitere na Albion Small, onyeisi oche nke Ngalaba Sociology, nke ọnọdụ ngalaba gụsịrị akwụkwọ. Ọ jụrụ iji nọgide na-arụ ọrụ onwe ya n'èzí agụmakwụkwọ. Ebumnuche ya bụ ịkụziri ndị okenye na-edebanyeghị aha na ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ, n'ihi ịda ogbenye na / ma ọ bụ enweghị asambodo. Ọzọkwa, ọ chọghị ka mahadum chịkwaa ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya.

A họpụtara Addams ka ọ rụọ ọrụ na Chicago Board of Education . ^[31] Addams bụ onye otu iwu nke American Sociological Society, nke e guzobere na 1905. O nyere ya akwụkwọ na 1912, 1915, na 1919. Ọ bụ nwanyị a ma ama n'oge ndụ ya.

N'ozuzu, Addams nọ nso na ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ ma dị ezigbo mma n'ịkpali ha itinye aka na klas dị iche iche na mmemme Hull House. Ka o sina dị, n'oge ndụ ya niile, Addams na ụmụ nwanyị ole na ole nwere mmekọrịta ịhụnanya, gụnyere Mary Rozet Smith na Ellen Starr. Mmekọrịta ya nyere ya oge na ume iji chụsoo ọrụ mmekọrịta ya mgbe a na-akwado ya n'ụzọ mmetụta uche na ịhụnanya. Site na mmekọrịta ịhụnanya ya na ụmụ nwanyị, a ga-akọwa ya dị ka nwanyị na-edina nwoke n'oge a, dịka ọtụtụ ndị isi na Women's International League for Peace and Freedom nke oge ahụ.^[32]

Onye mbụ ya na ya na-ahụ n'anya bụ Ellen Starr, onye ya na ya guzobere Hull House, onye ọ zutere mgbe ha abụọ bụ ụmụ akwụkwọ na Rockford Female Seminary. N'afọ 1889, ha abụọ gara Toynbee Hall ọnụ wee malite ọrụ ụlọ obibi ha, zụta ụlọ na Chicago.^[33]

Onye mmekọ ịhụnanya nke abụọ ya bụ Mary Rozet Smith, onye bara ọgaranya ma kwado ọrụ Addams na Hull House, onye ya na ya nwekọrọ ụlọ.^[34] Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Lilian Faderman dere na Jane hụrụ onwe ya n'anya ma ọ kpọrọ Mary "My Ever Dear", "Darling" na "Dearest One", wee kwubie na ha nwere mmekọrịta chiri anya nke di na nwunye. Ha nọgidere na-emekọ ihe ọnụ ruo 1934, mgbe Mary nwụrụ n'ọrịa oyi bara ya n'ahụ, mgbe afọ 40 gachara.^[35] E kwuru na, "Mary Smith ghọrọ ma nọgide na-abụ ihe kachasị elu na nke doro anya na egwu nke bụ ndụ onwe Jane Addams". ^[36] Ha abụọ nwere ụlọ ezumike na Bar Harbor, Maine. Mgbe ha kewara, ha na-edegara ibe ha akwụkwọ ozi ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu ugboro n'ụbọchị - mgbe ụfọdụ ugboro abụọ. Addams ga-edegara Smith akwụkwọ ozi, "M na-achọ gị n'ụzọ dị egwu ma bụrụkwa nke gị 'ruo ọnwụ'. ^[37] Akwụkwọ ozi ahụ na-egosikwa na ụmụ nwanyị ahụ lere onwe ha anya dị ka di na nwunye: "E nwere ihe kpatara ya n'omume nke ndị lụrụ di na nwunye na-anọkọ ọnụ", Addams degaara Smith akwụkwọ.

Nkwenkwe okpukpe Addams sitere n'agụ akwụkwọ ya sara mbara na ahụmịhe ndụ ya. Ọ hụrụ ọrụ obibi ya dị ka akụkụ nke "Social Christian". Addams mụtara banyere Iso Ụzọ Kraịst nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya site n'aka ndị guzobere Toynbee Hall, Samuel na Henrietta Barnett. Ndị Barnetts nwere mmasị dị ukwuu n'ịtọghata ndị ọzọ ka ha bụrụ Ndị Kraịst, mana ha kwenyere na Ndị Kraịst kwesịrị itinye aka n'ụwa ma, n'okwu otu n'ime ndị isi nke òtù ndị Kraịst na England, W. H. Fremantle, "na-etinye mmekọrịta mmadụ na mmụọ nke ịhụnanya nke Kraịst".

According to Christie and Gauvreau (2001), while the Christian settlement houses sought to Christianize, Jane Addams "had come to epitomize the force of secular humanism." Her image was, however, "reinvented" by the Christian churches.

Dị ka Joslin si kwuo (2004), "Nkwado ọhụrụ, dị ka [Addams] na-akọwa ya sitere na nke ụwa, ọ bụghị nke okpukpe, ụkpụrụ nkwenye".

Dị ka Jane Addams Hull-House Museum si kwuo, "Ụfọdụ ebe obibi ọha na eze nwere njikọ na ụlọ ọrụ okpukpe. Ndị ọzọ, dị ka Hull- House [nke Addams guzobere], bụ ndị ụwa".^[38]

Hilda Satt Polacheck, onye bibu na Hull House, kwuru na Addams kwenyesiri ike na nnwere onwe okpukpe ma na-eweta ndị mmadụ nke okwukwe niile n'ime ọha na eze, nke ụwa nke Hull House. Otu ihe dị iche, ka ọ na-ekwu, bụ oriri Krismas kwa afọ, ọ bụ ezie na Addams hapụrụ akụkụ okpukpe na chọọchị ahụ.

Bible jere ozi Addams dị ka isi iyi nke mkpali maka ndụ ya nke ije ozi na akwụkwọ ntuziaka maka ịchụso ọkpụkpọ ya. Mmetụta a na-ekwusi ike n'ịgbaso ihe nlereanya Jizọs na ịkwalite nguzobe nke Alaeze Chineke n'ụwa pụtakwara ìhè n'ọrụ Addams na Social Gospel movement.

N'afọ 1898, Addams sonyeere Anti-Imperialist League, na-emegide US annexation nke Philippines. Onye na-akwado Progressive Party, ọ họpụtara Theodore Roosevelt maka onye isi ala n'oge Nzukọ nke Party, nke e mere na Chicago n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1912. Ọ debanyere aha na ikpo okwu, ọ bụ ezie na ọ chọrọ iwu Ụgbọ agha ndị ọzọ. Ọ gara n'ihu na-ekwu okwu ma na-eme mkpọsa maka mkpọsa onye isi ala nke afọ 1912 nke Roosevelt.

Na Jenụwarị 1915, ọ banyere na Women's Peace Party ma họpụta ya dịka onye isi oche mba.^[9][39] Ndị inyom Europe na-ahụ maka udo kpọrọ Addams ka ọ bụrụ onye isi oche nke International Congress of Women na The Hague, Eprel 28-30, 1915, ^[9] ma họrọ ya ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi kọmitii iji chọta njedebe nke agha. Nke a gụnyere izute ndị isi iri na mba ndị na-anọpụ iche yana ndị nọ n'agha iji kwurịta banyere ogbugbo. Nke a bụ mgbalị mbụ dị ịrịba ama nke mba ụwa megide agha ahụ. Addams, tinyere ndị nnọchi anya Emily Balch na Alice Hamilton, dere ahụmahụ ha nke ọrụ a, bipụtara dị ka akwụkwọ, Women at The Hague (Mahadum Illinois).

Na 1917, ọ ghọrọ onye so na Fellowship of Reconciliation USA (alaka America nke International Fellowship of Reconciliation, hiwere na 1919) wee jee ozi na Council Fellowship ruo 1933.[1] Mgbe US banyere agha na 1917, Addams katọrọ nke ukwuu. Abara ya ezigbo mba dị ka onye na-akwado udo. A na-agụ okwu ya na 1915 na pacifism na Carnegie Hall n'akwụkwọ akụkọ dị ka New York Times, nke mbụ ya dị ka onye mba.[2] [3] Dị ka e kwuru, n'oge njem ya, ọ na-eji oge na-ezute ọtụtụ ndị mba ụwa na ndị mba ma na-ekwughachi echiche Victorian ya na ọrụ ụmụ anụmanụ na-eme n'udo. Nkwado ọzọ bịara na ihe nrite nke Nrite Nobel Peace Prize to Addams na 1931; ya na Nicholas Murray Butler kesara ihe nrite ahụ. [4] Dị ka onye mbụ meriri nturu ugo US, a matara Addams maka "nkwupụta ọchịchị onye kwuo uche America". O nyefere òkè ya nke ego nrite n'aka otu Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. [5][6]

Addams bụ onye isi na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ụlọ na nke mba ụwa, na-eje ozi dịka onye ndu na onye ndu echiche; Onye edemede Russia bụ Leo Tolstoy na pragmatism nke ndị ọkà ihe ọmụma John Dewey na George Herbert Mead metụtara ya.[1] Akwụkwọ ya, Newer Ideals of Peace and Peace and Bread in Time of War, na ọrụ udo ya nyere aka weta nghọta ọhụrụ banyere udo na agha.[2] Ọ hụrụ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, ikpe ziri ezi na udo dị ka ihe na-agbakọ aka; ha niile ga-agbakọ aka iji nweta ihe ọ hụrụ. Addams abụrụla onye na-akwado ọgụ siri ike kemgbe 1899, dị ka ọ dị na ngagharị iwe ime ihe ike sochiri Agha Spen na America. Akwụkwọ ya Newer Ideals of Peace (1907) bụ òtù udo zuru ụwa ọnụ nke chọrọ itinye echiche nke ikpe ziri ezi. Ọ kpọrọ ndị inyom na-akwado ikpe ziri ezi dịka Alice Hamilton, Lillian Wald, Florence Kelley, na Emily Greene Balch ka ha sonyere ya na International Animal Welfare League mgbe 1914 Free Movement gasịrị. Ọrụ Addams rụpụtara mkpụrụ mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ gasịrị, mgbe nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi jikọtara udo na ikpe ziri ezi na ọnọdụ mmadụ na ọchịchọ nke agha.

N'afọ 1899 na 1907, ndị isi ụwa choro udo site n'ịkpọkọta nzukọ udo ọhụrụ na nke nwere mmetụta na The Hague. Nzukọ ndị a mepụtara Nzukọ Hague nke 1899 na 1907. A kagburu nzukọ nke afọ 1914 n'ihi Agha Ụwa nke Mbụ. Nzukọ na-abụghị nke gọọmentị nke ụmụ nwanyị na Hague kpọkọtara jupụtara na oghere ahụ. N'oge ahụ, ma US na Netherlands nọpụrụ iche. Jane Addams bụ onye isi oche nke International Congress of Women na Hague, nke gụnyere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị otu 1,200 sonyere site na mba 12 na-alụ agha na mba na-anọpụ iche. Ebumnuche ha bụ ịmepụta usoro iji kwụsị ime ihe ike nke agha. Ma usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mba na nke mba ụwa ewepụghị olu ụmụ nwanyị. Ndị nnọchiteanya nwanyị ahụ kwuru na iwepụ ụmụ nwanyị na mkparịta ụka iwu na mkpebi gbasara agha na udo kpatara iwu na-ezighị ezi. Ndị nnọchiteanya ahụ nabatara usoro mkpebi na-edozi nsogbu ndị a ma kpọọ oku maka ịgbatị ikike na itinye ụmụ nwanyị n'ime usoro udo mba ụwa na njedebe agha. Mgbe nzukọ ahụ gasịrị, Addams na ndị nnọchi anya ndị omeiwu gara Europe niile na-ezute ndị isi, ìgwè ụmụ amaala, na ndị agha merụrụ ahụ site n'akụkụ abụọ ahụ. A kpọtụrụ idu ndú ya n'oge nnọkọ ahụ na njem ya gaa n'isi obodo nke mpaghara ndị agha mebiri emebi aha na nhọpụta maka Nobel Peace Prize.^[40]

Addams megidere itinye aka na Mgbasawanye nke US ma mesịa megide ndị na-achọ ọchịchị America na mba ofesi. N'afọ 1915, o kwuru okwu na Carnegie Hall ma boo ya n'èzí maka imegide itinye aka US n'Agha Ụwa Mbụ. ^[41] Addams katọrọ agha dị ka ọdachi nke mebiri obiọma mmadụ, ịdị n'otu, na ọbụbụenyi obodo, ma mee ka ezinụlọ dị iche iche n'ụwa niile lụọ ọgụ. N'aka nke ya, ndị otu na akwụkwọ akụkọ na-ahụ mba n'anya katọrọ echiche ya n'Oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ (1917-18). Oswald Garrison Villard bịara chebe ya mgbe ọ tụrụ aro ka ndị agha nye ndị agha mmanya na-aba n'anya obere oge tupu nnukwu mwakpo ala. "Were ikpe Jane Addams maka otu. Site na mmegbu [New York] Times na-ekpuchi ya, otu n'ime ndị inyom anyị kachasị mma, n'ihi na ọ gwara eziokwu dị mfe na a na-enyekarị ndị agha Allied mmanya ma ọ bụ ọgwụ ọjọọ tupu ha agafee Ala Ọ dịghị Nwoke. Ma mgbe eziokwu ahụ pụtara n'aka Sir Philip Gibbs na ndị ọzọ, ọ dịghị otu okwu mgbaghara na-abịa. " Ọbụna mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị, ndị mmegide gosipụtara usoro udo na iwepụ ngwá agha dị ka ndị na ndị na ndị agha dị ka ihe siri ike, ndị Kọmunist, ndị na-enweghị mba. Ndị agha ochie na-eto eto na American Legion, nke ụfọdụ ndị otu Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) na League of Women Voters kwadoro, adịghị njikere ịlụso ndị agadi, ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ ka mma, ndị nwere ego na ndị ama ama nke WILPF ọgụ. Ka o sina dị, DAR nwere ike ma chụpụ Addams na ndị otu ha. Mgbalị ndị Legion na-eme iji gosipụta ndị otu WILPF dị ka ụmụ nwanyị na-amaghị nke a na-akọ kpaliri ndị na-ege ntị na-arụ ọrụ, mana Onye isi ala Calvin Coolidge na ndị nọ n'etiti kwadoro Addams na mbọ WILPF ya na 1920s iji machibido gas na-egbu egbu na agha iwu. Otú ọ dị, mgbe 1920, a na-ewere ya dị ka nwanyị kachasị ukwuu nke Progressive Era. N'afọ 1931, onyinye Nobel Peace nye ya na Nicholas Murray Butler mere ka ọ bụrụ otu onye otuto.   

1. ↑ Jane Addams. The Nobel Prize. The Norwegian Nobel Institute. Retrieved on September 10, 2021.
2. ↑ Chambers (March 1986). "Women in the Creation of the Profession of Social Work". Social Service Review 60 (1): 1–33. DOI:10.1086/644347. 
3. ↑ Franklin (June 1986). "Mary Richmond and Jane Addams: From Moral Certainty to Rational Inquiry in Social Work Practice". Social Service Review 60 (4): 504–525. DOI:10.1086/644396. 
4. ↑ Stuart (2013). "Social Work Profession: History", Encyclopedia of Social Work. Oxford University Press and the National Association of Social Workers Press. DOI:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.623. ISBN 978-0-19-997583-9. 
5. ↑ Women of honor. yalealumnimagazine.org.
6. ↑ Celebrating Women's History Month: The Fight for Women's Rights and the American Civil Liberties Union, ACLU. American Civil Liberties Union of Virginia. ACLU Virginia (March 28, 2013).
7. ↑ Jane Addams on Women in Government. sageamericanhistory.net.net. Retrieved on 2023-11-03.
8. ↑ Caves (2004). Encyclopedia of the City. Routledge, 8. 
9. ↑ ^{9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6} Kathryn Cullen-DuPont (2000). Encyclopedia of women's history in America. Infobase Publishing, 4–5. ISBN 978-0-8160-4100-8.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Cullen-DuPont 2000" defined multiple times with different content.
10. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "linn".
11. ↑ Linn [1935] (2000). Jane Addams:Biography. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-06904-8. 
12. ↑ Knight (2005). Citizen: Jane Addams and the Struggle for Democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 32–33. 
13. ↑ Jane Addams and Hull-House. DeVry University (2001).
14. ↑ Knight. Citizen, 36–37. 
15. ↑ Knight (2005). Citizen. University of Chicago Press, 77–79, 109, 119–120. ISBN 0-226-44699-9. 
16. ↑ Knight. Citizen, 124–25, 130–31, 138–39. 
17. ↑ Knight. Citizen, 139–142. 
18. ↑ Knight. Citizen, 142–145, 147–48. 
19. ↑ Knight. Citizen, 152–55, 157. 
20. ↑ Knight. Citizen, 162–65. 
21. ↑ Knight. Citizen, 166, 175–76. 
22. ↑ Knight. Citizen. 
23. ↑ Bilton (2006). "Jane Addams Pragmatism and Cultural Policy". International Journal of Cultural Policy 12 (2): 135–150. DOI:10.1080/10286630600813644. 
24. ↑ Morrow (2005). Sexual Orientation and Gender Expression in Social Work Practice: Working with Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender People. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-12728-6. 
25. ↑ Brown (February 2000). Jane Addams. American National Biography online. Oxford University Press.
26. ↑ Knight. Citizen, 195–96, 219, 224–25, 335, 378. 
27. ↑ Stories from Chicago's Little Italy. Taylor Street Archives. Archived from the original on December 28, 2018. Retrieved on April 27, 2010.
28. ↑ (2019) "Jane Addams", Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy website. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 
29. ↑ Byrne. Shoes. San Francisco Silent Film Festival.
30. ↑ Buell (1990). "Alva Belmont: From Socialite to Feminist". The Historian 52 (2): 219–241. DOI:10.1111/j.1540-6563.1990.tb00779.x. ISSN 0018-2370. 
31. ↑ FitzPatrick (December 30, 2020). Who is your Chicago public school named for? (en). Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved on 19 March 2023.
32. ↑ Faderman (June 8, 2000). To Believe in Women: What Lesbians Have Done For America – A History. Mariner Books. 
33. ↑ Faderman (June 8, 2000). To Believe in Women: What Lesbians Have Done For America – A History. Mariner Books. 
34. ↑ Holmes (2001). "Addams, Jane", in Aldrich: Who's who in Gay and Lesbian History Volume 1: From Antiquity to the Mid-Twentieth Century. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-15982-1. 
35. ↑ Faderman (June 8, 2000). To Believe in Women: What Lesbians Have Done For America – A History. Mariner Books. 
36. ↑ Brown (2003). The Education of Jane Addams. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-3747-1. 
37. ↑ Loerzel. "Friends—With Benefits?", Chicago Magazine, June 2008. Retrieved on March 29, 2009.
38. ↑ Jane Addams Hull-House Museum. Retrieved on November 29, 2014.
39. ↑ Woman's Peace Party. Spartacus-Educational.com. Archived from the original on July 27, 2009. Retrieved on February 27, 2019.
40. ↑ The Nobel Peace Prize 1931 (en-US). NobelPrize.org. Retrieved on 2022-09-06.
41. ↑ New York Times Reporter, Chris Hedges was Booed off the Stage and had his Microphone Cut Twice as he Delivered a Graduation Speech on War and Empire at Rockford College in Illinois. Democracy Now!.