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Angela Davis

  

Angela Yvonne Davis (amuru Jenụwarị 26, 1944) bụ onye America Marxist na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, onye ọkà ihe ọmụma, agụmakwụkwọ, onye edemede na onye na-akwado mmekọrịta. Ọ bụ Prọfesọ Emerita nke Ọmụmụ Feminist na History of Consciousness na Mahadum California, Santa Cruz. [1] Davis bụ onye nọtere aka na Communist Party USA (CPUSA) na onye guzobere kọmitii na akwụkwọ ozi na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na gọọmentị (CCDS). Ọ nọwo na-arụsi ọrụ ike na mmegharị ahụ dị ka Occupy movement na mgbasa ozi Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions.

A mụrụ Davis na Birmingham, Alabama; Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Brandeis na Mahadum Frankfurt. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum California, San Diego, tupu ọ kwaga East Germany, ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ doctorate na Mahadum Humboldt nke Berlin. Mgbe ọ laghachiri na United States, ọ sonyeere CPUSA wee sonye na ebili mmiri nke abụọ nke ịhọpụta ụmụ nwanyị na mkpọsa megide Agha Vietnam.

N'afọ 1969, e were ya n'ọrụ dị ka osote prọfesọ nke nkà ihe ọmụma na Mahadum California, Los Angeles (UCLA). N'oge na-adịghị anya, ndị na-achị UCLA Board of Regents chụpụrụ ya n'ihi ịbụ onye otu CPUSA. Mgbe ụlọ ikpe kpebiri na ịchụpụ ahụ megidere iwu, mahadum chụpụrụ ya maka iji okwu mkparị. N'afọ 1970, e ji égbè Davis mee ihe n'iji ngwá agha weghara ụlọ ikpe dị na Marin County, California, ebe e gburu mmadụ anọ. A gbara ya akwụkwọ maka mpụ atọ - gụnyere nkata igbu ọchụ - a tụrụ ya mkpọrọ ihe karịrị otu afọ tupu a tọhapụ ya na ebubo niile na 1972.

N'afọ ndị 1980, Davis bụ onye ọchịchị Kọmunist ugboro abụọ maka osote onye isi ala United States. N'afọ 1997, ọ tọrọ ntọala Critical Resistance, otu nzukọ na-arụ ọrụ iji kpochapụ ụlọ mkpọrọ na ugbo ụlọ mmepụta ihe. Na 1991, n'etiti ọdịda Soviet Union, ọ hapụrụ CPUSA iji nyere aka chọta CCDS. N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ sonyere na ngalaba mmụta ụmụ nwanyị na Mahadum California, Santa Cruz, ebe ọ ghọrọ onye isi ngalaba tupu ọ laa ezumike nká na 2008.

Davis enwetala ọtụtụ onyinye, gụnyere Lenin Peace Prize nke Soviet Union (ebe ọ bụ na 2025 ọ bụ onye nnata ikpeazụ) na ntinye n'ime Ụlọ Nzukọ Ndị Nwanyị Mba. [1] N'ihi ebubo nke ime ihe ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nkwado ya maka Soviet Union, ọ bụ onye na-ese okwu na Time. N'afọ 2020, akpọrọ ya aha "Woman of the Year" na mbipụta Time nke "100 Women of the Year" nke 1971.[3] N'afọ 2020, etinyere ya na ndekọ akwụkwọ akụkọ Time nke 100 kacha nwee mmetụta n'ụwa. [4] Na 2025, e nyere Davis nzere doctorate site na Mahadum Cambridge.[5] A kwanyere Davis ugwu na 2025 site na onyinye José Muñoz sitere na CLAGS (Centre maka LGBTQ Studies) na CUNY Graduate Center. [6]

Oge ọ malitere

;:{"target":{"wt":"cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/individuals/angela-davis&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Angela Davis (January 26, 1944)"},"website":{"wt":"African American Heritage"},"publisher":{"wt":"[[National Archives and Records Administration]]"},"access-date":{"wt":"January 24, 2020"},"archive-date":{"wt":"December 25, 2020"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201225030805/https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/individuals/angela-davis&quot;},&quot;url-status&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;live&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwBl4\"> </span><cite about=\"#mwt48\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"mwBl8\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/individuals/angela-davis\" id=\"mwBmA\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Angela Davis (January 26, 1944)\"</a>. <i id=\"mwBmE\">African American Heritage</i>. <a class=\"cx-link\" data-linkid=\"1786\" href=\"./National_Archives_and_Records_Administration\" id=\"mwBmI\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"National Archives and Records Administration\">National Archives and Records Administration</a>. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20201225030805/https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/individuals/angela-davis\" id=\"mwBmM\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">Archived</a> from the original on December 25, 2020<span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwBmQ\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwBmU\">January 24,</span> 2020</span>.</cite>"}}' id="cite_ref-10" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Angela_Davis#cite_note-10 [1]] A mụrụ Angela Davis na Jenụwarị 26, 1944.na Birmingham, Alabama. E mere ya baptizim na chọọchị Episcopal nke nna ya.[1] Ezinụlọ ya biri na mpaghara "Dynamite Hill", nke a mara na 1950s site na bọmbụ ụlọ na mgbalị iji menye egwu ma chụpụ ndị isi ojii nọ n'etiti ndị kwagara ebe ahụ. Davis na-anọkarị n'ugbo nwanne nna ya na ndị enyi ya na New York City.[2] Ụmụnne ya gụnyere ụmụnne abụọ, Ben na Reginald, na nwanne nwanyị, Fania. Ben gbara bọọlụ na Cleveland Browns na Detroit Lions na ngwụcha afọ 1960 na mmalite afọ 1970. [3]

Davis gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Carrie A. Tuggle, ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị ndị isi ojii, ma mesịa, Parker Annex, alaka ụlọ akwụkwọ dị n'etiti nke Parker High School na Birmingham. N'oge a, nne Davis, Sallye Bell Davis, bụ onye ọrụ mba na onye isi nhazi nke Southern Negro Youth Congress, nzukọ nke ndị Communist Party nwere mmetụta iji wulite njikọ aka n'etiti ndị Africa America na South. Davis tolitere n'etiti ndị na-ahazi ọchịchị Kọmunist na ndị na-eche echiche, bụ ndị nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na mmepe ọgụgụ isi ya.[4] Otu n'ime ha bụ onye ọrụ Southern Negro Youth Congress Louis E. Burnham, onye nwa ya nwanyị Margaret Burnham bụ enyi Davis site na nwata, yana onye ndụmọdụ ya n'oge ikpe Davis nke 1971 maka igbu ọchụ na ịtọrọ mmadụ.[5]

Davis sonyere n'òtù ndị ntorobịa chọọchị ya mgbe ọ bụ nwatakịrị ma na-aga ụlọ akwụkwọ Sọnde mgbe niile. Ọ na-ekwu na ọtụtụ n'ime itinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya na itinye aka na Girl Scouts nke United States of America. O sonyekwara na Girl Scouts 1959 national roundup na Colorado. Dị ka Girl Scout, ọ gara ngagharị iwe iji mee ngagharị iwe megide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na Birmingham.

Ka ọ na-erule afọ mbụ ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, a nabatara Davis site na mmemme American Friends Service Committee (Quaker) nke tinyere ụmụ akwụkwọ ojii si South na ụlọ akwụkwọ jikọtara ọnụ na North. Ọ họọrọ Elisabeth Irwin High School na Greenwich Village. N'ebe ahụ, otu ndị ntorobịa Kọmunist, Advance, kpọrọ ya.[6]

A nabatara Davis na Mahadum Brandeis na Waltham, Massachusetts, ebe ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ na-egbuke egbuke na klas ya. Ọ zutere ọkà ihe ọmụma ụlọ akwụkwọ Frankfurt Herbert Marcuse n'oge Crisis Missile Crisis wee ghọọ nwa akwụkwọ nke Marcuse, Davis kwuru, sị: "Alliance bụ ụzọ m si ekwu na ọ ga-ekwe omume ịbụ onye òtù, onye agha, ọkà mmụta, na onye na-agbanwe agbanwe." [1] Ọ rụrụ ọrụ nwa oge iji nweta ego zuru oke iji gaa France na Switzerland wee gaa ogbako nke ụmụ akwụkwọ na-edu na Helsinki, Finland. Ọ bụ onye so na Federal Bureau of Investigation na 1963 ịga ogbako na Communist Party. [2]

N'ime afọ nke abụọ ya na Brandeis, Davis kpebiri ịsụ French ma gaa n'ihu na ọmụmụ ya nke onye ọkà ihe ọmụma na onye edemede Jean-Paul Sartre. A nabatara ya na Hamilton College Junior Year na France Program. Klas malitere na Biarritz ma mesịa na Sorbonne. Na Paris, ya na ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ biri na ezinụlọ French. Ọ nọ na Biarritz mgbe ọ nụrụ banyere Bọmbụ a tụrụ na chọọchị Birmingham na 1963, nke ndị òtù Ku Klux Klan mere, ebe e gburu ụmụ agbọghọ ojii anọ; ọ maara ndị ahụ.[7]

Mgbe ọ na-emecha akara ugo mmụta ya na French, Davis ghọtara na isi ihe na-amasị ya bụ nkà ihe ọmụma. O nwere mmasị karịsịa n'echiche Marcuse. Mgbe ọ laghachiri na Brandeis, ọ nọdụrụ n'ụzọ ya. O dere n'akụkọ ndụ ya na Marcuse bụ onye a na-abịaru nso ma na-enyere aka. Ọ malitere ime atụmatụ ịga Mahadum Frankfurt maka ọrụ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nkà ihe ọmụma. N'afọ 1965, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ magna cum laude, onye otu Phi Beta Kappa . [7]

Mahadum Frankfurt

Na West Germany, na-akwụ $100 kwa ọnwa, o bu ụzọ biri na otu ezinụlọ German ma mesịa soro ìgwè ụmụ akwụkwọ biri n'otu ọnụ ụlọ dị n'otu ụlọ ọrụ ochie. Mgbe ọ gara East Berlin n'oge ememme May Day kwa afọ, o chere na gọọmentị East German na-ahụ maka mmetụta na-adịgide adịgide nke fasizim karịa ndị West German. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ya na ha bi na-arụsi ọrụ ike na Socialist German Student Union (SDS), na Davis sonyeere na ụfọdụ ihe omume SDS. Ihe omume na United States, gụnyere nguzobe nke Black Panther Party na mgbanwe nke Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) ghọọ òtù ojii, dọtara uche ya mgbe ọ lọghachiri.[1]

Ọrụ postgraduate

Marcuse kwagara n'ọkwa na Mahadum California, San Diego, Davis sochiri ya ebe ahụ mgbe afọ abụọ ya gasịrị na Frankfurt.[7] Davis gara London ịga nzukọ na "The Dialectics of Liberation". Ndị isi ojii nọ na nnọkọ ahụ gụnyere onye Trinidad-America Stokely Carmichael na onye Britain Michael X. Ọ bụ ezie na okwu Carmichael kpaliri ya, a kọrọ na Davis nwere nkụda mmụọ maka mmetụta ndị isi ojii nke ndị ọrụ ibe ya na ịjụ ọchịchị Kọmunist dị ka "ihe nwoke ọcha".[8]

Ọ sonyeere Che-Lumumba Club, ngalaba ojii niile nke Communist Party USA aha ya bụ Che Guevara na Patrice Lumumba, nke Cuba na Congo, n'otu n'otu.[9]

Davis nwetara nzere masta na Mahadum California, San Diego, na 1968. [10] Ọ rụchara ọrụ ụfọdụ maka PhD na Mahadum California, San Diego n'ihe dị ka afọ 1970 mana ọ nwetaghị akara ugo mmụta n'ihi na FBI weghaara ihe odide ya.[11] Kama nke ahụ, afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, ọ natara nzere doctorate atọ: N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 1972 site na Mahadum Moscow State, na Mahadum Tashkent n'otu nleta ahụ, na Septemba 1972 site na Маhadum Karl-Marx na Leipzig, Germany.[12][13][14] N'afọ 1981, ọ laghachiri Germany iji gaa n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ na PhD ya. [15]

Prọfesọ na Mahadum California, Los Angeles, 1969-70

Davis (n'etiti, na-enweghị enyo anya) na-abanye Royce Hall na Kendra Alexander na UCLA maka nkuzi mbụ ya, Ọktoba 1969

Malite na 1969, Davis bụ osote prọfesọ na ngalaba nkà ihe ọmụma na Mahadum California, Los Angeles (UCLA). Ọ bụ ezie na ma Princeton na Swarthmore gbalịrị iwebata ya, ọ họọrọ UCLA n'ihi ọnọdụ obodo ya.[16] N'oge ahụ, a maara ya dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na onye na-eme ihe ike, onye otu Communist Party USA, na onye mmekọ nke Los Angeles nke Black Panther Party.[17]

Davis sonyeere ndị Communist Party na 1968 ma bụrụ onye otu Black Panther Party, na-arụ ọrụ na alaka nke Black Panther party na Los Angeles, ebe ọ na-eduzi agụmakwụkwọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Mgbe ndị isi Black Panther Party kpebiri na ndị otu ahụ enweghị ike isonyere ndị ọzọ, Davis nọgidere na-abụ onye otu Communist Party ọ bụ ezie na ọ nọgidere na'ọrụ na Black Panther party.

In 1969, the University of California initiated a policy against hiring Communists.[18] At their September 19, 1969, meeting, the Board of Regents fired Davis from her $10,000-a-year post (equivalent to $65,420 in 2024) because of her membership in the Communist Party,[19][20] urged on by California Governor and future president Ronald Reagan.[21] Judge Jerry Pacht ruled the Regents could not fire Davis solely because of her affiliation with the Communist Party, and she resumed her post.[22][20]

Ndị Regents chụpụrụ Davis ọzọ na June 20, 1970, maka "okwu na-akpasu iwe" o ji mee ihe n'okwu anọ dị iche iche. Akụkọ ahụ kwuru, sị, "Anyị na-ele okwu ndị dị ka nkwupụta ya na ndị regents 'gburu, mee ihe ike (ma) gbuo' Ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na People's Park, yana ịkọwa ndị uwe ojii ugboro ugboro dị ka 'ezì'". [23] Òtù American Association of University Prọfesọ katọrọ bọọdụ ahụ maka omume a.

Njide na ikpe

Davis bụ onye na-akwado Soledad Brothers, ndị mkpọrọ atọ e boro ebubo ma boo ha ebubo igbu onye nche ụlọ mkpọrọ na Soledad Prison.[24]

N'abalị asaa n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1970, nwa akwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị dị afọ iri na asaa nke Afrịka na Amerịka bụ Jonathan Jackson, onye nwanne ya nwoke bụ George Jackson, otu n'ime ụmụnne atọ Soledad, nwetara ikike nke ụlọ ikpe dị na Marin County, California. O ji ndị Black na-ebo ebubo mee ihe ma were Judge Harold Haley, Deputy District Attorney Gary W. Thomas, na ụmụ nwanyị atọ na-ekpe ikpe dị ka ndị e jidere.[25] Ka Jackson na-ebu ndị ahụ e jidere na ndị isi ojii atọ a na-ebo ebubo pụọ n'ụlọ ikpe n'ụgbọala, otu n'ime ndị a na-agba akwụkwọ, James McClain, gbara ndị uwe ojii égbè. Ndị uwe ojii gbara égbè.[26]

E gburu onye ọka ikpe na mmadụ atọ n'ime ndị ikom ahụ n'ọgụ ahụ. Otu n'ime ndị ọka ikpe, onye ọkàiwu, na otu n'ime ha wakporo, Ruchell Magee, merụrụ ahụ. Ọ bụ ezie na a gbagburu onye ọka ikpe ahụ n'isi site na mgbawa nke égbè nke a na-etinye n'olu ya, ọ nwetakwara mmerụ ahụ n'obi site na mgbọ nke nwere ike ịgbapụ site n'èzí ụgbọala ahụ. Ihe akaebe n'oge ikpe ahụ gosiri na ọ nwere ike igbu mmadụ.[26] Davis zụrụ ọtụtụ n'ime égbè ndị Jackson ji mee ihe na mwakpo ahụ, gụnyere égbè e ji gbaa Haley égbè, nke ọ zụrụ n'ụlọ ahịa San Francisco ụbọchị abụọ tupu ihe ahụ emee. [27] A chọpụtakwara na ya na otu n'ime ndị mkpọrọ ahụ na-edegara ibe ha akwụkwọ ozi.[28]

Davis mere enyi George na Jonathan Jackson na-arụ ọrụ na-anwa ịtọhapụ Soledad Brothers. Ọ gwara George Jackson okwu ugboro ugboro n'akwụkwọ ozi ma soro Jonathan Jackson rụọ ọrụ nke ukwuu n'ọrụ ya na Kọmitii Nchebe Soledad Brothers. Ọ toro nso n'ezinụlọ Jackson n'ozuzu ya n'oge a mgbe ya na ha na-arụkọ ọrụ ma na-ekwu okwu n'ihe omume ọnụ.[8]

Ngagharị iwe megide Agha Vietnam, 1970

Dị ka California na-ewere "ndị niile metụtara ime mpụ, ... ma ha na-eme omume ahụ kpọmkwem, ma ọ bụ nyere aka ma na-akwado na ọrụ ya, ... bụ ndị isi na mpụ ọ bụla e mere", e boro Davis ebubo "ịtọrọ mmadụ na igbu ọchụ mbụ na ọnwụ nke Onye ọka ikpe Harold Haley", na Onye ọka ikpe Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Marin County Peter Allen Smith nyere ikike maka ijide ya. Awa ole na ole mgbe onye ọka ikpe nyere akwụkwọ ikike ahụ n'August 14, 1970, nnukwu mgbalị ịchọta ma jide Davis malitere. N'abalị iri na asatọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ, ụbọchị anọ mgbe e wepụtara akwụkwọ ikike ahụ, onye nduzi FBI bụ J. Edgar Hoover depụtara Davis na Ndepụta Ndị Fugitive Iri FBI Kasị Mma; ọ bụ nwanyị nke atọ na onye nke 309 edepụtara.[25][29] N'oge na-adịghị anya, Davis ghọrọ onye na-agba ọsọ ma gbapụ California. Dị ka akụkọ ndụ ya si kwuo, n'oge a, ọ zoro n'ụlọ ndị enyi ma kwaga n'abalị. N'abalị iri na atọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1970, ndị ọrụ FBI hụrụ ya n'ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ Howard Johnson Motor Lodge dị na New York City.[30] Onye isi ala Richard M. Nixon kelere FBI maka "ijide onye na-eyi ọha egwu dị ize ndụ Angela Davis". [31]  

Na Jenụwarị 5, 1971, Davis pụtara n'ụlọ ikpe dị elu nke Marin County wee kwupụta na aka ya dị ọcha n'ihu ụlọ ikpe na mba ahụ: "M na-ekwupụta ugbu a n'ihu ọha n'ihu ndị obodo a na aka ya adịghị ọcha n'ebubo niile steeti California boro m. " John Abt, onye ndụmọdụ ukwu nke Communist Party USA, bụ otu n'ime ndị ọka iwu mbụ nọchitere anya Davis maka ebubo ya na ịgba égbè ahụ. [5]

Mgbe a na-ejide ya na Women's Detention Center, e kewapụrụ Davis na ndị mkpọrọ ndị ọzọ, n'ụlọ mkpọrọ naanị ya. Site n'enyemaka nke ndị otu iwu ya, ọ nwetara Iwu ụlọ ikpe gọọmentị etiti ka ọ pụọ n'ógbè ahụ.[32]

Flyer na-akpọsa ihe nchịkọta ego maka nkwado iwu Davis, na-egosi Ray Barretto, Jerry Butler, Carmen McRae, Pete Seeger, Voices of East Harlem, na Ossie Davis
Ihe osise 1971 nke Rupert García na-agba ume nnwere onwe maka ndị mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-egosi Angela Davis

N'ofe mba ahụ, ọtụtụ puku mmadụ malitere ịhazi ka a tọhapụ ya. Na New York City, ndị ode akwụkwọ ojii hibere kọmitii akpọrọ Black People in Defence of Angela Davis. Ka ọ na-erule February 1971, ihe karịrị kọmitii 200 na United States, na 67 ná mba ndị ọzọ, nọ na-arụ ọrụ ịtọhapụ Davis n’ụlọ mkpọrọ. John Lennon na Yoko Ono nyere aka na mkpọsa ahụ na egwu "Angela" [1] Na 1972, ka ọnwa iri na isii gachara, steeti ahụ tọhapụrụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ steeti.[2] Na February 23, 1972, Rodger McAfee, onye ọrụ ugbo mmiri ara ehi si Fresno, California, kwụrụ ya $100,000 (nke ya $567,000) site n'enyemaka nke onye nwe azụmahịa bara ọgaranya Steve Sparacino. Ụka United Presbyterian kwụrụ ụfọdụ n'ime mmefu iwu ya.[2][3]

N'ikpe a, ndị akaebe gbara akaebe na Davis zụtara egbe ahụ iji chebe isi ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa Soledad Brothers.[1] Na June 4, 1972, ka awa 13 nke mkparịta ụka gasịrị, ndị juri na-acha ọcha weghachiri ikpe nke enweghị ikpe. [2] Mgbe ikpe ahụ gasịrị, otu n'ime ndị ọkàikpe, Ralph DeLange, kelere ìgwè ndị Black Power, bụ nke o mesịrị gwa ndị nta akụkọ ga-egosi "otu n'otu maka ndị niile a na-emegbu emegbu." Iri n'ime ndị ọka ikpe mechara sonyere agbachitere ha n'ememme mmeri ahụ.[3] Eziokwu ahụ bụ na o nwere egbe ndị e ji mee ihe na mpụ ahụ ezughị iji gosipụta ọrụ ya na atụmatụ ahụ. Howard Moore Jr. na Leo Branton Jr. nọchiri anya ya, bụ ndị goro ndị ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ iji nyere ndị na-agbachitere aka ikpebi onye nọ na juri nwere ike ịkwado okwu ha, omume nke na-emekarị kemgbe. Agbanyeghị, ndị ọka iwu na-agbachitere ya were iwe na ndị juri niile bụ ndị ọcha.[2] Ha goro ndị ọkachamara n'ọrụ ka ha na-agbagha ntụkwasị obi dị n'akụkọ ihe merenụ. [4][5]

Ihe omume ndị ọzọ n'afọ ndị 1970

Ihe osise 1974 nke Davis nke Bernard Gotfryd

Cuba

Mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya, Davis malitere njem nlegharị anya okwu mba ụwa na 1972, nke gụnyere njem na Cuba, ebe Fidel Castro nabatara ya nke mbụ dị ka onye so na ndị nnọchiteanya Communist Party na 1969.[1]. Robert F. Williams, Huey Newton, na Stokely Carmichael gakwara Cuba, na Assata Shakur mechara kwaga ebe ahụ mgbe ọ gbapụchara n'ụlọ mkpọrọ US. Na nnọkọ Afro-Cuban, a kọrọ na Davis enweghị ike ikwu okwu n'ihi na nnabata ya karịrị akarị.[2] Ọ ghọtara na Cuba bụ mba na-abụghị agbụrụ, nke mere ka o kwenye na "naanị n'okpuru ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nwere ike ịlụ ọgụ megide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ." Mgbe ọ laghachiri na U.S., ntinye aka ya na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya metụtara nghọta ya banyere mgba agbụrụ.[3] Na 1974 ọ gara Ụlọ Nzukọ nke Abụọ nke Federation of Cuban Women. [1]

Davis na onye Soviet cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova, 1972

N'afọ 1971, CIA mere atụmatụ na pasent ise nke mbọ mgbasa ozi Soviet na-aga n'ihu na mkpọsa Angela Davis.[33] N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1972, Davis gara Soviet Union na oku nke Central Committee. [12]

Na Mee 1, 1979, e nyere ya Lenin Peace Prize site na Soviet Union . [34] Ọ gara Moscow ka e mesịrị n'ọnwa ahụ iji nabata ihe nrite ahụ, ebe o toro "aha dị ebube" nke Vladimir Lenin na "nnukwu Mgbanwe Ọktoba".[35]

Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Germany

Davis na Erich Honecker na GDR, 1972

Gọọmenti East German haziri nnukwu mkpọsa maka Davis.[1] Na Septemba 1972, Davis gara East Germany, ebe ọ zutere onye isi ala Erich Honecker, wee nweta akara ugo mmụta nsọpụrụ site na Mahadum Leipzig na Star of Friendship People n'aka Walter Ulbricht. Na Septemba 11 na East Berlin, o kwuru okwu, "Ọ bụghị naanị mmeri m", na-eto GDR na USSR na ịkatọ ịkpa ókè agbụrụ America.[2][3] [4] [5]

Ọ gara na mgbidi Berlin, bụ ebe o debere okooko osisi na ncheta maka Reinhold Huhn, onye nche East German nke otu nwoke gbagburu na-agbalị ịgbapụ ya na ezinụlọ ya gafee ókè na 1962. Davis kwuru, sị, "Anyị na-eru uju ọnwụ nke ndị nche ókè-ala bụ ndị chụrụ ndụ ha n'àjà iji chebe ala nna ha" na "Mgbe anyị laghachiri na USA, anyị ga-ahụ na anyị ga-agwa ndị anyị eziokwu banyere ókèala ahụ." [1] [2] Na 1973, ọ laghachiri na East Berlin, na-eduga ndị nnọchi anya US na 10th World Festival of Youth and Students.[3] [4] [5]

Na njem ya na 1972, Davis gara Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, na Chile.[36]

Jonestown na Ụlọ Nsọ Ndị Mmadụ

In the mid-1970s, Jim Jones, who developed the cult Peoples Temple, initiated friendships with progressive leaders in the San Francisco area including Dennis Banks of the American Indian Movement and Davis. On September 10, 1977, 14 months before the Temple's mass murder-suicide, Davis spoke via amateur radio telephone "patch" to members of his Peoples Temple who were living in Jonestown in Guyana.[37][38] In her statement during the "Six Day Siege", she expressed support for the Peoples Temple's anti-racism efforts and she also told Temple members that there was a conspiracy against them. She said, "When you are attacked, it is because of your progressive stand, and we feel that it is directly an attack against us as well."[39] On February 28, 1978, Davis wrote to President Jimmy Carter, asking him not to assist in efforts to retrieve a child from Jonestown. Her letter called Jones "a humanitarian in the broadest sense of the word".[40][41]

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn na ndị mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na steeti ndị ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya

N'afọ 1975, onye Soviet na-emegide ya na onye nrite Nobel Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn kwuru n'okwu ya n'ihu nzukọ AFL-CIO na New York City na Davis bụ onye a gbahapụrụ n'ihi na ọ kwadoghị ndị mkpọrọ nọ na mba dị iche iche gburugburu ụwa, n'ihi mmegide siri ike ya na usoro ụlọ mkpọrọ US. [42] N'afọ 1972, Jiří Pelikán dere akwụkwọ ozi na-emeghe nke ọ gwara ya ka ọ kwado ndị mkpọrọ Czechoslovak; [43] Davis jụrụ, na-ekwere na ndị mkpọrọ Czecholovak na-emebi ọchịchị Husák ma kwere na Pelikán, onye bi na mba ọzọ na Ịtali, na-awakpo mba ya. [44][45] Dị ka Solzhenitsyn si kwuo, na nzaghachi maka nchegbu banyere ndị mkpọrọ Czechoslovak na-akpagbu "ọchịchị", Davis zaghachiri, sị: "Ha kwesịrị ihe ha nwetara. Ka ha nọrọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ. "[46]

Ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ mgbe e mesịrị

Ihe ngosi mkpọsa nke Communist Party USA nke gosipụtara Davis, 1976

Davis bụ onye nkuzi na Claremont Black Studies Center na Claremonte Colleges na 1975. Ndị na-aga ọmụmụ ihe ọ kụziri bụ naanị ụmụ akwụkwọ 26 n'ime ihe karịrị 5,000 nọ na kọleji, a manyere ya ịkụzi na nzuzo n'ihi na ndị na-enyere ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ aka achọghị ka ọ kụziere ụmụ akwụkwọ n'ozuzu ha echiche Kọmunist.[47] Ndị na-ahụ maka kọleji mere ndokwa iji belata ọdịdị ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ, na-egbochi nzukọ ọmụmụ ihe ya na mgbede Fraịdee na Satọdee, "mgbe ọrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ dị ala".[47]

Klas ya si n'otu klas gaa na nke ọzọ ma ṅụọ iyi na nzuzo. Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe nzuzo a gara n'ihu n'oge dị mkpirikpi Davis na-akụzi na kọleji.[48] N'afọ 2020, a mara ọkwa na Davis ga-abụ onye nkuzi pụrụ iche nke Ena H. Thompson na ngalaba akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Pomona College, na-anabata ya mgbe afọ 45 gasịrị.[49]

Davis bụ prọfesọ nleta pụrụ iche na Mahadum Syracuse n'oge opupu ihe ubi nke afọ 1992 na Ọktoba 2010, ọ bụkwa Randolph Visiting Distinguished Professor of philosophy na Vassar College na 1995. [50][51]

N'afọ 2014, Davis laghachiri na UCLA dị ka onye nkuzi regents. O kwuru okwu ihu ọha na Mee 8 na Royce Hall, ebe o kwuru okwu mbụ ya afọ 45 gara aga.[21]

N'afọ 2016, e nyere Davis Doctor of Humane Letters na Healing and Social Justice site na California Institute of Integral Studies na San Francisco.[52]

Mgbalị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na okwu

  Davis nabatara nhọpụta nke Communist Party USA maka osote onye isi ala, dị ka onye na-agba ọsọ Gus Hall, na 1980 na 1984. Ha nwetara ihe na-erughị 0.02% nke votu na 1980. [53] Ọ hapụrụ pati ahụ na 1991, na-eguzobe Kọmitii nke Akwụkwọ Ozi maka Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na Ọchịchị Ọchịchị. Òtù ya si n'òtù Kọmunist nke USA pụọ n'ihi nkwado nke ikpeazụ maka mgbalị ọchịchị Soviet nke 1991 mgbe ọdịda nke Soviet Union na ịkwatu Mgbidi Berlin. [54] Davis kwuru na ya na ndị ọzọ "gbasaara akwụkwọ mkpesa banyere mkpa ọ dị ime ka ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya dị na usoro ọchịchị nke pati ahụ" ekweghị ka ha gbaa ọsọ maka ọkwa mba ma si otú a "n'echiche ... kpọọ ha ka ha pụọ".[55] N'afọ 2014, o kwuru na ya na CPUSA nọgidere na-enwe mmekọrịta mana ọ laghachighị.[56] Na ntuli aka onye isi ala nke afọ 2020, Davis kwadoro onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Democratic, Joe Biden.[57] 

Davis bụ onye isi na mmegide mwepụ ụlọ mkpọrọ.Ọ kpọrọ usoro ụlọ mkpọrọ United States "ụlọ mkpọrọ-ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe" ma bụrụ otu n'ime ndị guzobere Critical Resistance, otu mba na-ahụ maka iwulite usoro iji kpochapụ usoro ụlọ mkpọrọ. [58][59] N'ọrụ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ọ rụrụ ụka na usoro ụlọ mkpọrọ US yiri ụdị ịgba ohu ọhụrụ, na-ezo aka na oke nke ndị Africa America a tụrụ mkpọrọ.[60] Davis na-akwado ilekwasị anya na mbọ ọha na eze na agụmakwụkwọ na iwulite "obodo ndị na-etinye aka" iji dozie nsogbu ọha na eze dị iche iche a na-edozi ugbu a site na ntaramahụhụ steeti.

Ọ gara n'ihu na-akụzi ihe n'oge niile ọ na-arụ ọrụ, gụnyere na ọtụtụ mahadum.[61][62][63][64][65]

N'afọ 2001, o kwuru okwu n'ihu ọha megide agha megide iyi ọha egwu na-esote mwakpo nke 9/11, gaa n'ihu na-akatọ ụlọ mkpọrọ-ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ma kwurịta usoro mbata na ọpụpụ mebiri emebi.[66] O kwuru na iji dozie nsogbu ikpe ziri ezi, ndị mmadụ ga-eme ka nkà ha dị oke mkpa, zụlite ha ma tinye ha n'ọrụ. Ka e mesịrị, mgbe ajọ ifufe Katrina gasịrị na 2005, o kwupụtara na "ọnọdụ jọgburu onwe ya na New Orleans" bụ n'ihi ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, akụrụngwa, na imperialism.[67]

Davis na Mahadum Alberta na 2006

Davis anọgidewo na-emegide ntaramahụhụ ọnwụ. N'afọ 2003, ọ kụziri ihe na Agnes Scott College, kọleji ụmụ nwanyị na Decatur, Georgia, gbasara mgbanwe ụlọ mkpọrọ, okwu ndị ka nta, na nsogbu nke usoro ikpe mpụ. [68] N'abalị iri atọ na otu n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2011, Davis kwuru okwu na mgbakọ ndị dị na Philadelphia na Washington Square Occupy Wall Street. N'ihi ihe mgbochi na electronic amplification, okwu ya bụ microphoned mmadụ.[69] N'afọ 2012, e nyere Davis 2011 Blue Planet Award, ihe nrite e nyere maka onyinye nye ụmụ mmadụ na mbara ala. [70]

Davis na 2019

Davis bụ onye isi oche nsọpụrụ nke Jenụwarị 21, 2017, Women's March on Washington, nke mere n'ụbọchị sochiri emume nke Onye isi ala Donald Trump. Mkpebi ndị na-ahazi ya ime ka ọ bụrụ ọkà okwu bụ nke Humberto Fontova [71] na National Review katọrọ site n'aka nri.[72] Onye nta akụkọ Libertarian bụ Cathy Young dere na "ihe ndekọ ogologo nke Davis maka nkwado maka ime ihe ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na United States na ihe kachasị njọ nke ndị na-emegbu ikike mmadụ na mba ofesi" mebiri njem ahụ.[73]

Na Jenụwarị 7, 2019, Birmingham Civil Rights Institute (BCRI) wepụrụ onyinye Davis'Fred Shuttlesworth Human Rights Award, na-ekwupụta na ọ "dara irubere ụkpụrụ ya niile". Onye isi obodo Birmingham Randall Woodfin na ndị ọzọ kwuru na a katọrọ nkwado olu Davis maka ikike ndị Palestine na ngagharị igbochi Israel. [1] [2] Davis kwuru na nfu ya nke ihe nrite ahụ abụghị "ọ bụghị mbuso agha megide m kama na mmụọ nke ikpe ziri ezi na-enweghị ike ịkewa". Na Jenụwarị 25, BCRI tụgharịrị mkpebi ya wee wepụta mgbaghara ọha, na-ekwupụta na ekwesịrị inwe mkparịta ụka ọha. [3][4][5]

Na Nọvemba 2019, ya na ndị ọrụ gọọmentị ndị ọzọ bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwado onye isi otu Labour Party Jeremy Corbyn, na-akọwa ya dị ka "ihe mgba ọkụ nke olile anya n'ọgụ a na-alụ megide ajọ mmadụ, ịkpọasị, na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ n'ọtụtụ mba onye kwuo uche ya", ma kwado ya na ntuli aka UK nke 2019.[1]

Davis na-ekwu okwu na ncheta maka Miss Major Griffin-Gracy na Glide Memorial Church, December 2025.

Na Jenụwarị 20, 2020, Davis nyere Address Memorial Keynote na Mahadum nke Michigan's MLK Symposium . [74]

N'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ọrụ Davis egosila nchegbu ya banyere ịtụ mkpọrọ nke ndị ogbenye na ndị a chụpụrụ.[75] N'ikwekọ na nke a, na Disemba 2020, a kọrọ na Davis sonyeere akara ejiji Renowned LA iji mepụta uwe sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke ndị isi ojii na-akpọ "Heroes of Blackness", ebe onye na-erite uru na akara ejiji bụ Underground Grit, otu mgbanwe ụlọ mkpọrọ.[76]

Ndụ onwe onye

Site na 1980 ruo 1983, Davis lụrụ Hilton Braithwaite. Na 1997, ọ pụtara dị ka nwanyị nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị na mkparịta ụka ya na magazin Out. [1] Dị ka nke 2020, Davis na onye ọrụ ibe ya, prọfesọ Gina Dent, ọkà mmụta gbasara mmadụ na onye nyocha na UC Santa Cruz, na-etinye aka. [2] [3] Ha abụọ akwadola maka iwepụ ndị uwe ojii na ụlọ mkpọrọ, ma kwado nnwere onwe ndị isi ojii na ịdị n'otu Palestine. [4][5]

Na mmemme 2023 nke usoro PBS Ịchọta mgbọrọgwụ gị, Henry Louis Gates kpughere na Davis bụ nwa nke onye njem Mayflower William Brewster, onye njem na Mayflower.[1] Nna nna ọzọ kpughere na ihe omume ahụ bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Alabama John A. Darden, onye bụ nna nna Davis.[2][3] N'ihe omume ọzọ akpọrọ Ndụ Nzuzo, ekpughere na Davis nwere njikọ na Niecy Nash.[4]

Nnọchiteanya na mgbasa ozi ndị ọzọ

  • The first song released in support of Davis was "Angela" (1971), by Italian singer-songwriter and musician Virgilio Savona with his group Quartetto Cetra. He received some anonymous threats.[77]
  • In 1972, German singer-songwriter and political activist Franz Josef Degenhardt published the song "Angela Davis", the opener to his sixth studio album Mutter Mathilde.
  • The Rolling Stones song "Sweet Black Angel", recorded in 1970 and released on their album Exile on Main Street (1972), is dedicated to Davis. It is one of the band's few overtly political releases.[78] Its lines include: "She's a sweet black angel, not a gun-toting teacher, not a Red-lovin' schoolmarm / Ain't someone gonna free her, a free de sweet black slave, free de sweet black slave".[79][80]
  • John Lennon and Yoko Ono released their song "Angela" on the album Some Time in New York City (1972) in support of Davis, and a small photo of her appears on the album's cover at the bottom left.[81]
  • The jazz musician Todd Cochran, also known as Bayete, recorded his song "Free Angela (Thoughts...and all I've got to say)" in 1972.[82]
  • Tribe Records co-founder Phil Ranelin released a song dedicated to Davis, "Angela's Dilemma", on Message From the Tribe (1972), a spiritual jazz collectible.[83]
  • In 2019, Julie Dash, who is credited as the first black female director to have a theatrical release of a film (Daughters of the Dust) in the US, announced that she would be directing a film based on Davis's life, from a screenplay by Brian Tucker.[84]

Nkwupụta n'ebe ndị ọzọ

Egwuregwu U2 na Soldier Field, Chicago, 2017

Na 1971, onye na-ede egwuregwu ojii bụ Elvie Moore dere egwuregwu Angela na-eme, na-egosi Davis n'oge ikpe ya na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị dị ka Frederick Douglass, Malcolm X, na H. Rap Brown dị ka ndị hụrụ anya na-ekwupụta na aka ya dị ọcha.[1] Emere egwuregwu a na Inner City Cultural Center na UCLA, yana Pat Ballard dị ka Davis. Akwụkwọ akụkọ Angela Davis: Portrait of a Revolutionary (1972) bụ nwa akwụkwọ UCLA Film School Yolande du Luart duziri.[1] [2] Ọ na-esote Davis site na 1969 ruo 1970, na-edekọ nchụpụ ya na UCLA. Ihe nkiri a kechiri agbapụ tupu ihe omume Marin County.[2]

Onye na-ese ihe n'okporo ámá nke Ịtali bụ Jorit Agoch sere ihe osise nke Davis na mpaghara Scampia nke Naples na 2019. [85]

Ọzọkwa na 2019, Time mepụtara mkpuchi ọhụrụ 89 iji mee ememe ụmụ nwanyị nke afọ malite na 1920; ọ họọrọ Davis maka 1971.

Ihe osise Angela Davis, nke onye na-ese ihe na San Jose bụ Ian S. Young sere, gosipụtara na African American Community Service Agency (AACSA) na San Jose, CA, na Machị 18, 2022. Angela Davis sonyere na mmeghe (Milan Balinton). [86]

Akwụkwọ ndị e dere

  • 1971
    • Ajụjụ ọnụ na Angela Davis. Kasị bekee Radio Free People, New York, 1971.
    • Myerson, M. "Angela Davis na Ụlọ Mkpọrọ". Ramparts, March 1971: 20-21.
    • Onye na-eme ihe nkiri, Art. Angela Davis: Mkpụrụ obi na owu ọmụma. Phonodisc Flying Dutchman, New York, 1971.
    • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Angela Davis Na-ekwu Okwu. Phonodisc Folkways Records, New York, 1971.[87]
  • 1972–1985
    • Black Journal; 67; "Njụta ajụjụ ọnụ na Angela Davis", 1972-06-20, WNET. Angela Davis na-eme ka ọ pụta na telivishọn mba mbụ ya n'ajụjụ ọnụ pụrụ iche ya na onye na-elekọta Tony Brown, na-esote ntọhapụ ya na nso nso a maka ebubo metụtara ọgụ ụlọ ikpe San Rafael.
    • Jet, "Angela Davis Na-ekwu maka Ọdịnihu ya na Nnwere Onwe ya", July 27, 1972: 54-57.
    • Davis, Angela Y. Abụ m nwanyị Black Revolutionary (1971). Phonodisc Folkways, New York, 1977.
    • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Angela Davis Ajụjụ ọnụ Esther Phillips. Kasị bekee Pacifica Tape Library, Los Angeles, 1977.[88]
    • Cudjoe, Selwyn Na mkparịta ụka ya na Angela Davis. Vidio ETV Center, Mahadum Cornell, Ithaca, 1985. Ajụjụ ọnụ nkeji iri abụọ na otu.
  • 1991–1997
    • Ebe Iwe na Ịntanetị. Nke Pratibha Parmar duziri, Kali Films, oge-01 1991, vimeo.com/ondemand/aplaceofrage.
    • Davis, Angela Y. "Women on the Move: Travel Themes in Ma Rainey's Blues", na Borders/diasporas. Nchịkọta ụda. Mahadum California, Santa Cruz: Center for Cultural Studies, Santa Cruz, 1992.
    • Davis, Angela Y. Black bụ... Ọ dịghị ihe ojii. Ihe nkiri. Independent Television Service (ITVS), 1994.
    • Ajụjụ ọnụ Angela Davis (Public Broadcasting Service, Spring 1997) [89]
  • 2000–2002
    • Davis, Angela Y. Ụlọ Mkpọrọ Ụlọ Ọrụ na Mmetụta ya na Obodo nke Agba. Vidio Mahadum Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 2000. 
    • Barsamian, D. "Angela Davis: Onye African American Activist on Prison-Industrial Complex". Ọganihu 65.2 (2001): 33-38.
    • "September 11 America: a Interview with Angela Davis". Ndị uwe ojii nke National Body: Mmekọahụ, Agbụrụ, na Mpụ. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
  • 2010–2016
    • Ugwu Ndị Na-ewe Wing: Angela Davis & Yuri Kochiyama - A Conversation on Life, Struggles & Liberation, ihe nkiri e wepụtara na 2010. [90]
    • The Black Power Mixtape 1967-1975, ihe nkiri ihe nkiri nke gosipụtara Davis n'ọtụtụ ajụjụ ọnụ ndị Sweden a na-adịghị ahụkebe, ka ewepụtara na 2011. [91]
    • "Feminism and Abolition: Theories and Practices for the 21st Century", Mahadum Chicago, 2013.
    • "Activist Professor Angela Davis" ihe omume nke Woman's Hour, BBC Radio 4, December 3, 2014.
    • Criminal Queers, ihe nkiri DIY na-akọ akụkọ ifo na-enyocha mmekọrịta dị n'etiti obodo LGBT na usoro ikpe mpụ, ka ewepụtara na 2015. [92][93]
    • 13th, ihe nkiri ihe nkiri nke 2016 nke Ava DuVernay duziri, banyere 13th Amendment na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Òtù na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ, nke Davis gosipụtara.
    • Visions of Abolition: From Critical Resistance to A New Way of Life, wepụtara na 2011; emelitere na 2021.[94]
  • 2025
    • Mkparịta ụka na Dr. Angela Davis. Ọkà okwu / ọdịdị na Mahadum California, Santa Barbara, ịjụ ma zaa ajụjụ ndị gbara gọọmentị na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya gburugburu taa. Febụwarị 26, 2025.[95]

Ebe ndebe ihe ochie

  • National United Committee to Free Angela Davis collection dị na Main Library na Mahadum Stanford, Palo Alto, California (Nchịkọta nke ọtụtụ puku akwụkwọ ozi nke kọmitii ahụ na Davis natara site n'aka ndị mmadụ na US na mba ndị ọzọ.) [96]
  • E debere ihe odide zuru ezu nke ikpe ya, gụnyere arịrịọ niile na ihe ncheta iwu, na Meiklejohn Civil Liberties Library na Berkeley, California.[97][98]
  • A na-echekwa akwụkwọ Davis na Schlesinger Library na Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study na Cambridge, Massachusetts. [99]
  • Ihe ndekọ gụnyere akwụkwọ ozi, nkwupụta, mkpụmkpụ na akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ gbasara nchụpụ Davis na Mahadum California, Los Angeles n'ihi njikọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya na Communist Party ka echekwara na UCLA.[100]
  • Nkà ihe ọmụma Africa
  • Billy Strachan, onye isi alaka London nke Angela Davis Defence Committee [101]

Edensibia

  1. ↑ Nadelson (1972). Who is Angela Davis? : The Biography of a Revolutionary. P. H. Wyden. Retrieved on October 24, 2022. 
  2. ↑ Davis (March 1989). "Rocks", Angela Davis: An Autobiography. New York City: International Publishers. ISBN 0-7178-0667-7. 
  3. ↑ Aptheker (1999). The Morning Breaks: The Trial of Angela Davis, 2nd, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0801485975. 
  4. ↑ Kum-Kum Bhavnani (Spring 1989). "Complexity, Activism, Optimism: An Interview with Angela Y. Davis". Feminist Review (31): 66–81. DOI:10.2307/1395091. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Abt (1993). Advocate and Activist: Memoirs of an American Communist Lawyer. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-02030-8. Retrieved on March 18, 2023. 
  6. ↑ Bubbins (January 26, 2018). Angela Davis: Her Greenwich Village Connections (en-US). Village Preservation. Archived from the original on October 24, 2020. Retrieved on October 21, 2020.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Davis (March 1989). "Waters", Angela Davis: An Autobiography. New York City: International Publishers. ISBN 0-7178-0667-7. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Davis (March 1989). "Flames", Angela Davis: An Autobiography. New York City: International Publishers. ISBN 0-7178-0667-7. 
  9. ↑ Angela Davis Biography: Academic, Civil Rights Activist, Scholar, Women's Rights Activist. biography. A&E Television Networks, LLC.. Archived from the original on March 31, 2019. Retrieved on May 6, 2015.
  10. ↑ Angela Davis | The HistoryMakers (en). thehistorymakers.org. Archived from the original on March 31, 2019. Retrieved on February 7, 2018.
  11. ↑ George Yancy (1998). African-American philosophers: 17 conversations. Routledge. Archived from the original on August 7, 2023. Retrieved on August 7, 2023.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Graaf (March 15, 2011). Evaluating Counterterrorism Performance: A Comparative Study (in en). Routledge. ISBN 9781136806551. Retrieved on March 12, 2017. 
  13. ↑ "Uzbeks Honor Angela Davis", The New York Times, 1972-09-03, pp. 67. Retrieved on 2024-05-08. (in en-US)
  14. ↑ Unverwechselbarer "Afrolook": Angela Davis, Bürgerrechtskämpferin, erhält am 13. 09. 1972 die Ehrendoktorwürde. Archived from the original on April 11, 2021.
  15. ↑ ND-Archiv: 25.07.1981: Schwarze Rose kämpft für Recht und Frieden. www.nd-archiv.de. Archived from the original on January 30, 2024. Retrieved on 2024-01-30.
  16. ↑ (January 8, 2008) Encyclopedia of Alabama. Auburn University. Retrieved on April 11, 2012. 
  17. ↑ (1998) in James: The Angela Y. Davis Reader. Blackwell. ISBN 9780631203612. Retrieved on July 18, 2019. 
  18. ↑ Oliver. "Jerry Pacht; L.A. Judge, Member of Judicial Commission", Los Angeles Times, April 4, 1997. Retrieved on January 30, 2021.
  19. ↑ Davies. "UCLA Teacher is Ousted as Red", The New York Times, 20 September 1969. Retrieved on 6 August 2023.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Saxon. "Jerry Pacht, 75, Retired Judge Who Served on Screening Panel", The New York Times, 14 April 1997. Retrieved on 6 August 2023.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Marquez (May 5, 2014). Angela Davis returns to UCLA classroom 45 years after controversy. UCLA Newsroom. University of California at Los Angeles. Archived from the original on March 31, 2019. Retrieved on August 26, 2019.
  22. ↑ "UCLA Barred from Pressing Red's Ouster", The New York Times, 21 October 1969. Retrieved on 6 August 2023.
  23. ↑ Turner. "California Regents Drop Communist From Faculty", The New York Times, 20 June 1970. Retrieved on 6 August 2023.
  24. ↑ Angela Davis Biography: Academic, Civil Rights Activist, Scholar, Women's Rights Activist. biography. A&E Television Networks, LLC. Archived from the original on March 31, 2019. Retrieved on May 6, 2015.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Aptheker (1997). The Morning Breaks: The Trial of Angela Davis. Cornell University Press. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Caldwell. "Angela Davis Acquitted on All Charges", The New York Times, June 5, 1972. Retrieved on February 14, 2017.
  27. ↑ Caldwell. "A Shotgun That Miss Davis Purchased Is Linked to the Fatal Shooting of Judge", The New York Times, April 18, 1972. Retrieved on October 4, 2018.
  28. ↑ White (December 14, 2012). Freedom on My Mind. Bedford/St. Martin's. ISBN 978-0-312-64884-8. 
  29. ↑ Biography. Davis (Angela) Legal Defense Collection, 1970–1972. Archived from the original on March 31, 2019. Retrieved on June 14, 2013.
  30. ↑ Charleton. "F.B.I Seizes Angela Davis in Motel Here", The New York Times, April 28, 2011. Retrieved on April 26, 2011.
  31. ↑ Aptheker (January 21, 2014). The Morning Breaks: The Trial of Angela Davis. Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801470141. OCLC 979577423. 
  32. ↑ Davis (March 1989). "Nets", Angela Davis: An Autobiography. New York City: International Publishers. ISBN 0-7178-0667-7. 
  33. ↑ Hannah (August 24, 2017). Revolutionary research. Wright State Newsroom. Archived from the original on October 23, 2020. Retrieved on October 21, 2020.
  34. ↑ "Angela Davis Given Russian Peace Prize", Eugene Register-Guard, May 1, 1979, p. 120. Retrieved on May 4, 2014.
  35. ↑ "Russia Davis Prize | AP Archive", aparchive.com. Retrieved on March 12, 2017.
  36. ↑ de Guzman. A Question of Memory: A Conversation with Angela Y. Davis. Goethe Institute. Retrieved on 5 May 2025.
  37. ↑ Reiterman (1982). Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton. ISBN 978-0-525-24136-2. 
  38. ↑ Angela Davis & the Six Day Siege. Alternative Considerations of Jonestown & Peoples Temple. Archived from the original on March 31, 2019. Retrieved on March 25, 2015.
  39. ↑ Statement of Angela Davis (Text). Alternative Considerations of Jonestown & Peoples Temple. Archived from the original on April 1, 2019. Retrieved on September 11, 2015.
  40. ↑ Letters of Support for Peoples Temple. Alternative Considerations of Jonestown & Peoples Temple. Archived from the original on April 10, 2023. Retrieved on 10 April 2023.
  41. ↑ Letters of Support for Peoples Temple. Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Archived from the original on April 10, 2023. Retrieved on 10 April 2023.
  42. ↑ Solzhenitsyn (October 1976). Warning to the West. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 60–61. ISBN 0-374-51334-1. Retrieved on January 5, 2021. 
  43. ↑ Pelikan. "Angela Davises of the world unite", The Times, July 28, 1972, p. 16.
  44. ↑ Pelikan. "An Open Letter to Angela Davis", The New York Review, August 31, 1972. Retrieved on June 29, 2025.
  45. ↑ "Czech exile's plea rejected by Miss Davis", The Times, July 29, 1972, p. 4. “Miss [Charlene] Mitchell, who said she was acting as a spokesman for Miss Davis, took the line that people in Eastern Europe got into difficulties and ended in jail only if they were undermining the government. Those who left to go into political exile were also attacking their own country.”
  46. ↑ Solzhenitsyn (1975). Solzhenitsyn: The Voice of Freedom (in en). Washington, D.C.: American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations, 32. Retrieved on January 10, 2019. 
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Holles. "ANGELA DAVIS JOB DEBATED ON COAST", The New York Times, 1975-11-16. Retrieved on 2023-10-04. (in en-US)
  48. ↑ Holles (November 16, 1975). Angela Davis Job Debated on Coast. Archived from the original on February 18, 2020. Retrieved on February 18, 2020.
  49. ↑ Ena H. Thompson Lectureship. Pomona College (April 2, 2015). Archived from the original on February 18, 2020. Retrieved on January 3, 2020.
  50. ↑ Watson Professorship. Syracuse University. Archived from the original on August 31, 2013. Retrieved on April 3, 2012.
  51. ↑ Adamo (October 1, 2010). Scholar, activist Angela Davis to give free lecture Oct. 12. Syracuse University. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved on April 3, 2012.
  52. ↑ Ford (May 13, 2016). 2016 Honorary Doctorate: Angela Y. Davis at One with Communities of Struggle. CIIS News and Events. California Institute of Integral Studies. Archived from the original on February 26, 2017. Retrieved on May 23, 2016.
  53. ↑ Goodman. "Hall, at 74, still seeks Presidency", The New York Times, November 2, 1984. Retrieved on June 27, 2020..
  54. ↑ Lind (2008). Battleground: Women, Gender, and Sexuality. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-34038-3. Retrieved on February 24, 2012. 
  55. ↑ Angela Davis interviewed by Julian Bond: Explorations in Black Leadership Series. YouTube. University of Virginia (July 21, 2009). Archived from the original on April 30, 2021. Retrieved on June 29, 2021.
  56. ↑ Morrison. "Angela Y. Davis on what's radical in the 21st century", Los Angeles Times, May 6, 2014. Retrieved on February 21, 2020.
  57. ↑ Telusma (July 14, 2020). Angela Davis backs Biden because he 'can be most effectively pressured' by the left. TheGrio. Archived from the original on October 7, 2020. Retrieved on October 10, 2020.
  58. ↑ Davis (September 10, 1998). Masked racism: reflections on the prison-industrial complex. Color Lines. Archived from the original on March 21, 2015. Retrieved on December 1, 2010.
  59. ↑ Freedom Struggle: Angela Davis on Calls to Defund Police, Racism & Capitalism, and the 2020 Election (en). Democracy Now! (September 7, 2020). Archived from the original on April 14, 2022. Retrieved on October 2, 2020.
  60. ↑ Davis (2003). Are Prisons Obsolete?. Canada: Open Media Series. 
  61. ↑ Who Speaks for the Negro. Jean and Heard Alexander Library, Vanderbilt University. Archived from the original on March 31, 2019. Retrieved on April 11, 2015.
  62. ↑ Angela Davis: 'The State of California May Have Extinguished the Life of Stanley Tookie Williams, But They Have Not Managed to Extinguish the Hope for a Better World'. Democracy Now! (December 13, 2005). Archived from the original on October 17, 2010. Retrieved on October 21, 2010.
  63. ↑ Bybee (November 11, 2009). Fourth Annual Stanley Tookie Williams Legacy Summit. East Bay. Archived from the original on March 28, 2019. Retrieved on October 21, 2010.
  64. ↑ Bernstein (March 11, 2015). "A Fireside Chat on Activism" with Angela Davis. Vanderbilt Hustler. Archived from the original on June 27, 2015. Retrieved on April 11, 2015.
  65. ↑ Davis Calls Students to Action. RISD (June 2, 2012). Archived from the original on September 13, 2015. Retrieved on September 11, 2015.
  66. ↑ Once Labeled a Terrorist, Angela Davis Talks of Recent Events (en). DePauw University (November 12, 2001). Archived from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved on June 21, 2021.
  67. ↑ Angela Davis making a live public speech. YouTube. Archived from the original on June 11, 2010. Retrieved on September 11, 2015.
  68. ↑ ASC Spotlight–Africana Studies. Agnesscott.edu. Archived from the original on March 11, 2016. Retrieved on October 20, 2011.
  69. ↑ Occupy Philly address. Youtube.com (October 29, 2011). Archived from the original on October 19, 2013. Retrieved on December 4, 2013.
  70. ↑ Censure award for TEPCO Award to be handed over in Tokyo to those responsible for Fukushima (Ethecon). financegreenwatch.org (June 22, 2012). Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved on May 31, 2013.
  71. ↑ Fontova. "Humberto Fontova – Women's March Celebrates World's Top Torturers of Women", Townhall, January 28, 2017. Retrieved on March 12, 2017. (in en)
  72. ↑ Crookston. "The Top Five Worst Speeches at the Women's March on Washington", National Review, January 24, 2017. Retrieved on March 12, 2017. (in en)
  73. ↑ Young. "Women's March on Washington honors Soviet tool: Column", USA Today, January 21, 2017. Retrieved on January 29, 2017.
  74. ↑ Bruckner (January 15, 2020). Political activist Angela Davis to keynote University of Michigan's 34th annual MLK Symposium (en). Click on Detroit. Archived from the original on October 25, 2020. Retrieved on October 21, 2020.
  75. ↑ Angela Davis (en). dacaseminar.fas.harvard.edu. Archived from the original on February 25, 2024. Retrieved on 2024-02-25.
  76. ↑ Anyanwu (December 11, 2020). How Did Renowned LA Convince Angela Davis on a Collaboration?. WWD. Retrieved on August 20, 2025.
  77. ↑ Matteo Ceschi. Singing What We Were to Know What We Are: The Quartetto Cetra and National History Italian TV Entertainment. Academia.edu. Archived from the original on July 13, 2021. Retrieved on June 7, 2014.
  78. ↑ Kurutz, Steve & The Rolling Stones. Sweet Black Angel. Allmusic.com. Archived from the original on March 31, 2019. Retrieved on December 4, 2013.
  79. ↑ Sweet Black Angel – The Rolling Stones | Song Info (en-us). AllMusic. Archived from the original on March 31, 2019. Retrieved on February 18, 2019.
  80. ↑ WakeAL.com. The Rolling Stones' 'Sweet Black Angel' was about Birmingham native Angela Davis (en). Tuscaloosa News. Archived from the original on March 31, 2019. Retrieved on February 19, 2019.
  81. ↑ Havers (May 20, 2015). John Lennon – Some Time In New York City (en-US). uDiscover Music. Archived from the original on July 18, 2019. Retrieved on July 18, 2019.
  82. ↑ Worlds Around the Sun – Bayeté, Todd Cochran | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic. AllMusic. Archived from the original on March 31, 2019. Retrieved on January 19, 2018.
  83. ↑ Message From The Tribe. Tribe Records.  AR 2506.
  84. ↑ Obie (January 27, 2019). Sundance Exclusive: Julie Dash To Helm Angela Davis Biopic From Lionsgate. Shadow and Act. Archived from the original on March 31, 2019. Retrieved on January 28, 2019.
  85. ↑ Cantile. Angela Davis mural in Naples. Retrieved on June 25, 2025.
  86. ↑ Milan R. Balinton AACSA Team. [African American Community Service Agency, San Jose] (29 May 2025). Retrieved on 30 May 2025.
  87. ↑ Smithsonian Folkways Recordings. Archived from the original on September 15, 2018. Retrieved on September 15, 2018.
  88. ↑ Esther Phillips. Pacifica Radio Archives (1977). Retrieved on June 29, 2025.
  89. ↑ Interview with Angela Davis | The Two Nations of Black America | Frontline. pbs.org (Spring 1997). Archived from the original on April 28, 2018. Retrieved on April 27, 2018.
  90. ↑ Mountains That Take Wing. imdb.com (June 7, 2010). Archived from the original on July 25, 2022. Retrieved on July 25, 2022.
  91. ↑ The Black Power Mixtape 1967–1975. imdb.com (April 1, 2011). Archived from the original on February 14, 2019. Retrieved on July 1, 2018.
  92. ↑ Criminal Queers Screening & Conversation – Henry Art Gallery. henryart.org. Archived from the original on September 15, 2018. Retrieved on September 15, 2018.
  93. ↑ Meronek (June 26, 2015). The Filmmakers Behind Criminal Queers Explain Why 'Queer Liberation is Prison Abolition'. In These Times. Archived from the original on January 28, 2021. Retrieved on January 30, 2021.
  94. ↑ Re-Visions of Abolition. Visions of Abolition.
  95. ↑ A Conversation with Dr. Angela Davis – AS PROGRAM BOARD. aspb.as.ucsb.edu (February 20, 2025). Retrieved on 2025-05-05.
  96. ↑ National United Committee to Free Angela Davis (1970–1972). National United Committee to Free Angela Davis records, circa 1970–1972 (in en). Retrieved on March 2, 2017. 
  97. ↑ Meiklejohn Civil Liberties Institute | Using the Law | Bancroft Library. mcli.org. Archived from the original on March 31, 2019. Retrieved on March 2, 2017.
  98. ↑ Publications of the Meiklejohn Civil Liberties Institute (en). bancroft.berkeley.edu. Archived from the original on March 24, 2019. Retrieved on March 2, 2017.
  99. ↑ Hong (February 14, 2018). Angela Davis Donates Papers to Schlesinger Library. radcliffe.harvard.edu. Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study. Archived from the original on March 31, 2019. Retrieved on February 27, 2018.
  100. ↑ UCLA University Archives. Collected materials about Angela Davis. 1969–1982. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021.
  101. ↑ Horsley (2019). Billy Strachan 1921–1988 RAF Officer, Communist, Civil Rights Pioneer, Legal Administrator, Internationalist and Above All Caribbean Man (in en). London: Caribbean Labour Solidarity. Retrieved on 8 May 2023. 
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