Shishmaref, Alaska

Shishmaref
Qiġiqtaq
NegaraAmerika Serikat
Negara bagianAlaska
Wilayah SensusNome
Terinkorporasi13 Juli 1969[1]
Pemerintahan
 • Wali kotaHoward Weyiouanna, Sr.[2]
 • SenatorDonald Olson (D)
 • Perwakilan negara bagianNeal Foster (D)
Luas
 • Total7,3 sq mi (18,8 km2)
 • Luas daratan2,8 sq mi (7,2 km2)
 • Luas perairan4,5 sq mi (11,6 km2)
Ketinggian
16 ft (5 m)
Populasi
 • Total563
 • Kepadatan7,7/sq mi (3,0/km2)
Zona waktuUTC-9 (Alaska (AKST))
 • Musim panas (DST)UTC-8 (AKDT)
Kode pos
99772
Kode area telepon907
Kode FIPS02-69770
Kode GNISTemplat:GNIS4, Templat:GNIS4

Shishmaref (SHISH-muh-reff)[4] (Qiġiqtaq dalam Iñupiaq; bahasa Rusia: Шишмарёв) adalah sebuah kota[3][5] dan desa di Wilayah Sensus Nome, Alaska, Amerika Serikat. Shishmaref terletak di Pulau Sarichef di Laut Chukchi di sebelah utara Selat Bering dan lima mil dari daratan Amerika. Shishmaref terletak di Suaka Nasional Jembatan Darat Bering. Populasinya tercatat sebesar 563 jiwa berdasarkan sensus Amerika Serikat 2010.[3]

Menurut Biro Sensus Amerika Serikat, kota ini memiliki luas sebesar 73 mil persegi (190 km2), dengan 28 mil persegi (73 km2) di antaranya merupakan daratan dan 45 mil persegi (120 km2) di antaranya (61.62%) merupakan perairan. Shishmaref dinamai pada tahun 1821 oleh penjelajah Otto von Kotzebue dari Angkatan Laut Kekaisaran Rusia untuk menghormati Kapten Gleb Shishmaryov yang menemaninya selama penjelajahannya.

Kota ini menarik perhatian dunia karena dampak pemanasan global yang begitu dramatis di Shishmaref.[6] Kenaikan suhu menyebabkan pencairan es air yang berfungsi sebagai pelindung dari badai. Pada saat yang sama, es abadi di desa ini juga mencair, sehingga pesisirnya terancam erosi. Walaupun barikade-barikade telah didirikan untuk melindungi desa ini, pesisirnya terus mengalami erosi dengan laju rata-rata sekitar 10 kaki (3,3 m) per tahun.[7] Rumah, air minum dan infrastruktur kota terancam.[8][9][10][11][12] Pada 16 Agustus 2016, desa ini memutuskan untuk memindahkan kota ke daratan Amerika.[13]

Budaya

Shishmaref adalah desa Inupiaq tradisional. Mata pencaharian penduduk bergantung pada perburuan dan pengumpulan makanan. Sumber makanan utama mereka adalah mamalia laut seperti oogruk (anjing laut), anjing laut lain dan walrus, ikan, burung (seperti ptarmigan), karibou dan rusa besar.

Catatan kaki

  1. ^ 1996 Alaska Municipal Officials Directory. Juneau: Alaska Municipal League/Alaska Department of Community and Regional Affairs. January 1996. hlm. 142. 
  2. ^ 2015 Alaska Municipal Officials Directory. Juneau: Alaska Municipal League. 2015. hlm. 147. 
  3. ^ a b c "Shishmaref city, Alaska". Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data. United States Census Bureau. Diakses tanggal January 23, 2013. 
  4. ^ "Shishmaref". Division of Community and Regional Affairs, Alaska Department of Commerce, Community and Economic Development. Diakses tanggal January 23, 2013. 
  5. ^ "Alaska Taxable 2011: Municipal Taxation - Rates and Policies" (PDF). Division of Community and Regional Affairs, Alaska Department of Commerce, Community and Economic Development. January 2012. 
  6. ^ "Sea engulfing Alaskan village". BBC News. 2004-07-30. Diakses tanggal 2010-03-27. 
  7. ^ Field Notes from a Catastrophe: Man, Nature, and Climate Change, 2006, ISBN 978-1-59691-130-7
  8. ^ Jordan, J.W., and O.K. Mason, 1999. A 5000 year record of intertidal peat stratigraphy and sea- level change from northwest Alaska. Quaternary International 60:37-47
  9. ^ Jordan, J.W., 1989. Rhythmic berm ridge deposition on the coastal barriersof northern Seward Peninsula, Alaska. In: Coastal Sediment Mobility;Proceedings of the Eighth Symposium on Coastal Sedimentology, W.F. Tanner ed., Department of Geology, Florida State University, Tallahassee. pp.137-150.
  10. ^ Jordan, J.W., 1987. Erosion characteristics and retreat rates along the north coast of Seward Peninsula. Chapter 7, In: Bering Land Bridge National Preserve: an Archeological Survey, J. Schaaf ed., National Park Service, Alaska Region, Anchorage.
  11. ^ Mason, O.K., J.W. Jordan, and L. Plug, 1995. Late Holocene storm and sea level history in the southern Chukchi Sea. In: C.W. Finkle ed., HoloceneCycles: Climate, Sea Level, and Sedimentation. Journal of CoastalResearch, Special Issue No. 17.
  12. ^ Mason, O.K. and J.W. Jordan, 1993. Heightened storminess and synchronoustruncation of northwest Alaska beach ridges. Quaternary Research, 40:55-69. http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/detect/human-shishmaref.shtml
  13. ^ Thorbecke, Catherine (August 18, 2016). "Leaving Their Ancestral Home: Alaska Village Votes to Move Due to Climate Change". ABC News. Diakses tanggal August 18, 2016. 

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