Robert Jay Lifton

Robert Jay Lifton
Lahir16 Mei 1926 (umur 98)
Brooklyn, New York
Tempat tinggalAmerika Serikat
KebangsaanAmerika
AlmamaterUniversitas Cornell
Kolese Kedokteran New York
Dikenal atasPenulis Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism, Death in Life: Survivors of Hiroshima, The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide
Suami/istriBetty Jean Kirschner
Karier ilmiah
Bidangpsikiatri, psikohistori, cuci otak, reformasi pemikiran

Robert Jay Lifton (lahir 16 Mei 1926) adalah seorang psikiater dan penulis Amerika, lebih dikenal atas studi-studinya mengenai penyebab dan efek psikologis dari perang dan kekerasan politik dan atas teori reformasi pemikirannya. Ia adalah pendukung awal teknik psikohistori.

Biografi

Lifton lahir tahun 1926 di Brooklyn, New York, dari pasangan Harold A. (seorang pengusaha) dan Ciel (Roth) Lifton. Ia berusia lima belas tahun ketika Amerika Serikat menyatakan perang terhadap Jepang dan Jerman Nazi (Desember 1941). Ia kuliah kedokteran di Universitas Cornell dan Kolese Kedokteran New York tahun 1948. Ia magang di Rumah Sakit Yahudi Brooklyn tahun 1948-1949 dan memperoleh pelatihan psikiatri di Pusat Medis Downstate, Brooklyn, New York tahun 1949-1951.

Dari 1951 hingga 1953 ia bekerja sebagai psikiater Angkatan Udara AS di Jepang dan Korea, yang kemudian dikaitkan dengan ketertarikannya pada perang dan politik. Setelah itu, ia bekerja sebagai pengajar dan peneliti di Sekolah Psikiatri Washington, Universitas Harvard, dan Kolese Peradilan Kriminal John Jay, tempat ia membantu mendirikan Pusat Studi Kekerasan Manusia.

Ia menikah dengan penulis cerita anak-anak Betty Jean Kirschner tahun 1952 dan memiliki dua orang anak. Istrinya meninggal di Boston tanggal 9 November 2010 karena komplikasi pneumonia.

Lifton menyebutkan bahwa menggambar kartun adalah hobi dan kerja sambilannya. Ia telah menerbitkan dua buku kartun humor mengenai burung.

Ia adalah anggota Kolegium Internasional, sebuah organisasi para pemimpin dengan keahlian politik, ilmiah, dan etika yang tujuannya adalah memberikan pendekatan baru dalam mengatasi permasalahan-permasalahan di dunia berkelanjutan secara damai, sosial, dan ekonomis.

Studi reformasi pemikiran

Dimulai tahun 1953, Lifton menginterviu prajurit-prajurit Amerika yang pernah menjadi tahanan perang selama Perang Korea. Selain interviu dengan 25 prajurit Amerika, Lifton juga menginterviu 15 orang Tionghoa yang melarikan diri dari negaranya setelah menjadi sasaran indoktrinasi di universitas-universitas Tiongkok.[1] Berdasarkan riset ini, tahun 1961 Lifton menulis buku Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism: A Study of "Brainwashing" in China (Lihat: Reformasi pemikiran di Republik Rakyat Tiongkok).[2]

Ini adalah studi teknik koersif yang ia namakan "reformasi pemikiran" atau "pencucian otak", meskipun ia lebih memilih istilah pertama. Istilah "thought-terminating cliché" (klise pembatasan pemikiran) populer melalui buku ini. Lifton menemukan fakta bahwa ketika para prajurit yang pernah menjadi tahanan perang kembali ke Amerika Serikat, pikiran mereka segera kembali normal, hal ini bertentangan dengan kesan di masyarakat mengenai "pencucian otak".[3] Buku ini diterbitkan oleh Norton di New York.[2] Edisi cetak ulang diterbitkan tahun 1989 oleh University of North Carolina Press.[4]

Bibliografi

  • Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism: A Study of "Brainwashing" in China, Norton (New York City), 1961. OCLC 203733
  • Death in Life: Survivors of Hiroshima, Random House (New York City), 1968.
  • Revolutionary Immortality: Mao Tse-Tung and the Chinese Cultural Revolution, Random House, 1968.
  • Birds, Words, and Birds (cartoons), Random House, 1969.
  • History and Human Survival: Essays on the Young and the Old, Survivors and the Dead, Peace and War, and on Contemporary Psychohistory, Random House, 1970.
  • Boundaries, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (Toronto), 1969, diterbitkan dengan judul Boundaries: Psychological Man in Revolution, Random House, 1970.
  • Home from the War: Vietnam Veterans—Neither Victims nor Executioners, Simon & Schuster (New York City), 1973.
  • (Dengan Eric Olson) Living and Dying, Praeger, 1974.
  • The Life of the Self: Toward a New Psychology, Simon & Schuster, 1976.
  • Psychobirds, Countryman Press, 1978.
  • (Dengan Shūichi Katō dan Michael Reich) Six Lives/Six Deaths: Portraits from Modern Japan (awalnya diterbitkan dalam bahasa Jepang dengan judul Nihonjin no shiseikan, 1977), Yale University Press (New Haven, CT), 1979.
  • The Broken Connection: On Death and the Continuity of Life, Simon & Schuster, 1979.
  • (Dengan Richard A. Falk) Indefensible Weapons: The Political and Psychological Case against Nuclearism, Basic Books (New York City), 1982.
  • The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide, Basic Books, Agustus 2000( first edition 1986).
  • The Future of Immortality and Other Essays for a Nuclear Age, Basic Books, 1987.
  • (Dengan Eric Markusen) The Genocidal Mentality: Nazi Holocaust and Nuclear Threat, Basic Books, 1990.
  • The Protean Self: Human Resilience in an Age of Fragmentation, Basic Books, 1993.
  • (Dengan Greg Mitchell) Hiroshima in America: Fifty Years of Denial, Putnam's (New York City), 1995.
  • Destroying the World to Save It: Aum Shinrikyo, Apocalyptic Violence, and the New Global Terrorism, Owl Books, 2000.
  • (Dengan Greg Mitchell) Who Owns Death? Capital Punishment, the American Conscience, and the End of Executions, Morrow, 2000.
  • Superpower Syndrome: America's Apocalyptic Confrontation With the World, Nation Books, 2003.

Lifton sebagai editor

  • (Dengan Jacob D. Lindy)Beyond Invisible Walls: The Psychological Legacy of Soviet Trauma, East European Therapists and Their Patients, Edwards Brothers (Lillington, NC), 2001.
  • The Woman in America, Houghton (Boston), 1965.
  • America and the Asian Revolutions, Trans-Action Books, 1970, second edition, 1973.
  • (Dengan Richard A. Falk and Gabriel Kolko) Crimes of War: A Legal, Political-Documentary, and Psychological Inquiry into the Responsibilities of Leaders, Citizens, and Soldiers for Criminal Acts of War, Random House, 1971.
  • (Dengan Eric Olson) Explorations in Psychohistory: The Wellfleet Papers, Simon & Schuster, 1975.
  • (dengan Eric Chivian, Susanna Chivian, and John E. Mack) Last Aid: The Medical Dimensions of Nuclear War, W. H. Freeman, 1982.
  • (Dengan Nicholas Humphrey) In a Dark Time: Images for Survival, Harvard University Press, 1984.

Referensi

  1. ^ A. L. Wilkes (1997). Knowledge in Minds, p. 323, Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-86377-439-3
  2. ^ a b "CLIO Holdings Information". Clio.cul.columbia.edu:7018. Diakses tanggal 29-09-2013. 
  3. ^ Lifton, Robert J. (April 1954). "Home by Ship: Reaction Patterns of American Prisoners of War Repatriated from North Korea". American Journal of Psychiatry. 110 (10): 732–739. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.110.10.732. PMID 13138750. Diakses tanggal 2008-03-30. 
  4. ^ Jay, Robert. "UNC Press – Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism". Uncpress.unc.edu. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-10-02. Diakses tanggal 29-09-2013. 

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