Psikiatri lintas budaya

Psikiatri lintas budaya atau dikenal dengan istilah etnopsikiatri merupakan salah satu cabang dari ilmu psikiatri yang membahas mengenai gangguan mental dan tantangannya dalam konteks budaya serta etnis. Dalam psikiatri lintas budaya, konteks yang penting untuk dilihat adalah bagaimana suatu budaya dalam mengklasifikasikan gangguan psikiatri sesuai dengan kelompok atau etnis tertentu.

Psikiatri lintas budaya juga berkaitaan dengan kemampuan dalam merefleksikan berbagai fenomena klinis yang berbeda-beda baik menggunakan cara yang sederhana secara budaya maupun cara yang lebih kompeten.^[1] Masalah masalah klinis yang seringkali menjadi perbedaan pada setiap budaya seperti diagnosa terkait dengan gejala atau tanda delusi, sistem kepercayaan dan masalah khusus yang berhubungan dengan pengungsian dan minoritas^[1].

Hubungan budaya dan psikiatri

Menurut Berry dkk terdapat tiga hubungan antara budaya dan ilmu psikologi maupun psikiatri^[1]:

Absolutisme yaitu pemahaman yang mengasumsikan bahwa manusia pada dasarnya sama pada setiap kebudayaan, sehingga dapat diartikan bahwa penyakit mental yang diderita juga akan sama. Anggapan ini berkembang pada abad ke-18 sebelum terdapatnya penelitian dan pengkajian terkait dengan pengaruh budaya terhadap gangguan mental atau ilmu psikiatri.
Relativisme yaitu pemahaman yang mengasumsikan bahwa tingkah laku manusia dipengaruhi oleh budaya dimana ia berkembang. Sehingga pada abad ke-18 hingga abad 20, terdapat keperayaan atau pemahaman terkait dengan hubungan budaya dengan ilmu psikiatri.
Universalime yaitu pemahaman yang berkembang pada abad ke-20 yang mengasumsikan bahwa tingkah laku manusia terbentuk dari dua bagian yakni berasal dari manusia itu sendiri dan pengaruh budaya atau lingkungannya.

Referensi

^ ^a ^b ^c "Cross Cultural Psychiatry: Context and Issues". www.jpps.com.pk. Diakses tanggal 2023-12-01.

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