Perang Salib Keempat

Perang Salib Keempat (1202–1204) adalah suatu ekspedisi bersenjata dari Eropa Barat yang awalnya dimaksudkan untuk menaklukkan Yerusalem yang dikuasai kaum Muslim dengan cara invasi melalui Mesir. Sebaliknya, terjadi serangkaian peristiwa yang berujung pada penjarahan kota Konstantinopel—ibu kota Kekaisaran Bizantium yang mana dikendalikan kaum Kristen—oleh Tentara Salib.

Pada bulan Januari 1203, dalam perjalanan menuju Yerusalem, sebagian besar pemimpin tentara salib mengadakan perjanjian dengan pangeran Bizantium Alexios Angelos untuk mengalihkan tujuan ke Konstantinopel dan memulihkan ayahnya yang telah digulingkan sebagai kaisar. Maksud dari para tentara salib adalah agar selanjutnya dapat meneruskan perjalanan ke Tanah Suci dengan bantuan militer dan keuangan dari Bizantium sebagaimana dijanjikan. Pada 23 Juni 1203 armada utama tentara salib tiba di Konstantinopel, sementara beberapa kontingen kecil melanjutkan perjalanan ke Akko.

Pada bulan Agustus 1203, menyusul bentrokan-bentrokan di luar Konstantinopel, Alexios Angelos dinobatkan sebagai rekan-Kaisar (Alexios IV Angelos) dengan dukungan tentara salib. Namun, pada bulan Januari 1204, ia digulingkan oleh pemberontakan rakyat di Konstantinopel. Para tentara salib Barat tidak dapat lagi menerima pembayaran sebagaimana dijanjikan, dan ketika Alexios IV terbunuh pada tanggal 8 Februari 1204, para tentara salib dan kaum Venesia memutuskan untuk menaklukkan Konstantinopel secara langsung. Pada bulan April 1204 mereka merebut dan dengan brutal menjarah kota tersebut, juga mendirikan suatu Kekaisaran Latin yang baru serta membagi-bagi wilayah Bizantium di antara mereka.

Perlawanan oleh Bizantium dengan basis bagian-bagian kekaisaran yang tidak tertaklukkan, seperti Nicea, Trebizond, dan Epirus, pada akhirnya memulihkan Konstantinopel. Kehadiran negara-negara Tentara Salib Latin hampir menyebabkan terjadinya perang dengan negara-negara penerus Bizantium dan Kekaisaran Bulgaria.

Perang Salib Keempat dipandang sebagai salah satu tindakan akhir dalam Skisma Besar antara Gereja Ortodoks Timur dan Gereja Katolik Roma, serta merupakan suatu titik balik yang penting dalam kemunduran Kekaisaran Bizantium.

Referensi

Catatan

  1. ^ a b Phillips, Jonathan (2004). The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople. New York: Viking. hlm. 269. ISBN 978-0-14-303590-9. 
  2. ^ Phillips. The Fourth Crusade, p. 106.
  3. ^ D. Queller, The Fourth Crusade The Conquest of Constantinople, 185
  4. ^ Phillips, The Fourth Crusade, p. 157.

Bibliografi

Sumber utama

Sumber tambahan

  • "Crusades". Encyclopædia Britannica, 2006.
  • Angold, Michael, The Fourth Crusade, Harlow: Pearson, 2003
  • Charles Brand. Byzantium Confronts the West, 1180–1204, Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1968
  • Godfrey, John. 1204: The Unholy Crusade. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980
  • Harris, Jonathan, Byzantium and the Crusades, Bloomsbury, 2nd ed., 2014. ISBN 978-1-78093-767-0
  • Harris, Jonathan, 'Collusion with the infidel as a pretext for military action against Byzantium', in Clash of Cultures: the Languages of Love and Hate, ed. S. Lambert and H. Nicholson, Turnhout: Brepols, 2012, pp. 99–117
  • Hindley, Geoffrey. The Crusades: A History of Armed Pilgrimage and Holy War. New York, NY: Carroll and Graf Publishers, 2003. New edition: The Crusades: Islam and Christianity in the Struggle for World Supremacy. New York, NY: Carroll and Graf Publishers, 2004.
  • Lilie, Ralph-Johannes. Byzantium and the Crusader States, 1096–1204. Translated by J. C. Morris and Jean E. Ridings. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993; originally published in 1988.
  • Madden, Thomas F. (2003). Enrico Dandolo and the Rise of Venice. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-7317-1. 
  • Madden, Thomas F., and Donald E. Queller. The Fourth Crusade: The Conquest of Constantinople. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1997
  • Marin, Serban. A Humanist Vision regarding the Fourth Crusade and the State of the Assenides. The Chronicle of Paul Ramusio (Paulus Rhamnusius), Annuario del Istituto Romano di Cultura e Ricerca Umanistica vol. 2 (2000), pp. 51–57.
  • McNeal, Edgar, and Robert Lee Wolff. The Fourth Crusade[pranala nonaktif permanen], in A History of the Crusades (edited by Kenneth M. Setton and others), vol. 2, Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1962
  • Nicol, Donald M. Byzantium and Venice: A Study in Diplomatic and Cultural Relations, Cambridge University Press, 1992.
  • Noble, Peter S. Eyewitnesses of the Fourth Crusade – the War against Alexius III, Reading Medieval Studies v.25, 1999.
  • Phillips, Jonathan. The Fourth Crusade and the sack of Constantinople. New York: Viking, 2004. ISBN 978-0-14-303590-9.
  • Queller, Donald E. The Latin Conquest of Constantinople. New York, NY; London, U.K.; Sydney, NSW; Toronto, ON: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1971.
  • Queller, Donald E., and Susan J. Stratton. "A Century of Controversy on the Fourth Crusade", in Studies in Medieval and Renaissance History v. 6 (1969): 237–277; reprinted in Donald E. Queller, Medieval Diplomacy and the Fourth Crusade. London: Variorum Reprints, 1980.
  • Thomas F. Madden. Crusades: The Illustrated History

Bacaan lanjutan

  • Angold, Michael. The Fourth Crusade: Event and Context. Harlow, NY: Longman, 2003.
  • Bartlett, W. B. An Ungodly War: The Sack of Constantinople and the Fourth Crusade. Stroud: Sutton Publishing, 2000.
  • Harris, Jonathan, Byzantium and the Crusades, London: Bloomsbury, 2nd ed., 2014. ISBN 978-1-78093-767-0
  • Harris, Jonathan, "The problem of supply and the sack of Constantinople", in The Fourth Crusade Revisited, ed. Pierantonio Piatti, Vatican City: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2008, pp. 145–54. ISBN 978-88-209-8063-4.
  • Kazdhan, Alexander "Latins and Franks in Byzantium", in Angeliki E. Laiou and Roy Parviz Mottahedeh (eds.), The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, 2001: 83–100.
  • Kolbaba, Tia M. "Byzantine Perceptions of Latin Religious ‘Errors’: Themes and Changes from 850 to 1350", in Angeliki E. Laiou and Roy Parviz Mottahedeh (eds.), The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, 2001: 117–143.
  • Nicolle, David. The Fourth Crusade 1202–04: The betrayal of Byzantium, Osprey Campaign Series #237. Osprey Publishing. 2011. ISBN 978-1-84908-319-5.

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