Peperangan Romawi Timur–Norman

Lokasi	Apulia, Calabria, Balkan,
Hasil	Kebuntuan; Uti possidetis
Perubahan wilayah	Norman menaklukkan Apulia dan Calabria; tak mampu menaklukkan Balkan

Pihak terlibat

Kekaisaran Romawi Timur,

Republik Venesia,

Kekaisaran Romawi Suci

Kerajaan Sisilia

Tokoh dan pemimpin

Alexios I Komnenos,
Ioannes II Komnenos
Manouel I Komnenos
Andronikos I Komnenos
Isaakius II Angelus

Robert Guiscard,
Bohemond,
George dari Antiokhia,
William II,
Margaritus dari Brindisi

Peperangan Romawi Timur-Norman adalah peperangan yang berlangsung antara tahun 1050 hingga 1185, saat serangan Norman terakhir berhasil dikalahkan oleh Romawi Timur. Pada akhir perang, baik Norman maupun Romawi Timur sama-sama tak mampu mengumbar kekuatannya; pada pertengahan abad ke-13, pertempuran dengan negara lain telah melemahkan kekuasaan kedua negara. Turki telah menaklukkan Asia Kecil dari Romawi Timur pada akhir abad ke-14, sementara Sisilia yang dikuasai Norman diambil oleh Hohenstaufen.

Referensi

Primer

Anna Comnena, diterjemahkan oleh E.R.A Sewter (1969). The Alexiad. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-044215-4.

Sekunder

Birkenmeier, John W. (2002). "The Campaigns of Manuel I Komnenos". The Development of the Komnenian Army: 1081–1180. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 90-04-11710-5.
Brooke, Zachary Nugent (2004). "East and West:1155–1198". A History of Europe, from 911 to 1198. Routledge (UK). ISBN 0-415-22126-9.
Duggan, Anne J. (2003). "The Pope and the Princes". Adrian IV, the English Pope, 1154–1159: Studies and Texts edited by Brenda Bolton and Anne J. Duggan. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 0-7546-0708-9.
Christopher Gravett and David Nicolle, (2006). The Normans: Warrior Knights and their Castles. Oxford: Osprey. ISBN 1-84603-088-9.
John Haldon, (2000). The Byzantine Wars. The Mill: Tempest. ISBN 0-7524-1795-9.
Richard Holmes, (1988). The World Atlas of Warfare: Military Innovations That Changed the Course of History. Middlesex: Penguin. ISBN 0-670-81967-0.
Magdalino, Paul (2005). "The Byzantine Empire (1118–1204)". The New Cambridge Medieval History edited by Rosamond McKitterick, Timothy Reuter, Michael K. Jones, Christopher Allmand, David Abulafia, Jonathan Riley-Smith, Paul Fouracre, David Luscombe. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-41411-3.
Magdalino, Paul (2002). "The Medieval Empire (780–1204)". The Oxford History of Byzantium By Cyril A. Mango. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-814098-3.
Magdalino, Paul (2002). The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos, 1143–1180. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52653-1.
Norwich, John Julius (1998). A Short History of Byzantium. Penguin. ISBN 0-14-025960-0.
John Julius Norwich, (1995). Byzantium: The Decline and Fall. London: Viking. ISBN 0-670-82377-5.

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