Kultus

Kultus adalah istilah yang sering digunakan untuk gerakan keagamaan baru dan kelompok sosial lainnya yang memiliki keyakinan dan ritual keagamaan, spiritual, atau filosofis yang tidak biasa, dan sering kali ekstrem. Pengabdian yang ekstrem terhadap orang, objek, atau tujuan tertentu adalah karakteristik lain yang sering dikaitkan dengan kultus. Istilah ini memiliki definisi yang berbeda, dan terkadang berbeda atau merendahkan, baik dalam budaya populer maupun akademis dan telah menjadi sumber perdebatan yang berkelanjutan di antara para sarjana di beberapa bidang studi.

Dimulai pada tahun 1930-an, gerakan-gerakan keagamaan baru menjadi objek studi sosiologis dalam konteks studi perilaku keagamaan. Sejak tahun 1940-an, gerakan tandingan Kristen telah menentang beberapa sekte dan gerakan keagamaan baru, melabeli mereka sebagai aliran sesat karena kepercayaan mereka yang tidak ortodoks. Sejak tahun 1970-an, gerakan anti-kultus sekuler telah menentang kelompok-kelompok tertentu, yang mereka sebut sebagai sekte, dan menuduh mereka melakukan praktik pencucian otak.

Kelompok-kelompok yang dicap sebagai sekte sesat dapat ditemukan di seluruh dunia dan ukurannya beragam, mulai dari kelompok-kelompok kecil yang terlokalisasi hingga beberapa organisasi internasional yang beranggotakan jutaan orang.

Secara umum, sebuah kelompok dikatakan sebagai kultus jika melakukan beberapa hal berikut ini:

  1. kontrol yang ekstrim atas setiap aspek kehidupan seseorang
  2. praktik pengucilan bagi orang-orang yang keluar
  3. penataan kekuasaan di mana para pemimpinnya dipuja sebagai tokoh suci
  4. kepemimpinan tunduk pada seperangkat aturan yang berbeda dan lebih lunak daripada orang lain
  5. mempertanyakan aturan, ajaran, dll., tidak disarankan, tidak diperbolehkan, atau akan mengakibatkan pengucilan
  6. disonansi kognitif yang ekstrem di antara keanggotaan umum di mana mereka harus terus-menerus merasionalisasi setiap kontradiksi atau kemunafikan, atau kurangnya pemahaman sehingga mereka bahkan tidak dapat menemukan kemunafikan

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