PROFILPELAJAR.COM

Deportasi Kalmuk
Operation Ulusy
Deportasi Kalmuk; Operation Ulusy
Bagian dari Pemindahan populasi di Uni Soviet
	Peta deportasi orang-orang dari Kalmykia ke Siberia pada tahun 1943; Kalmykia Oblast Omsk, Krai Krasnoyarsk, Krai Altai, Oblast Novosibirsk (tempat tujuan orang yang dideportasi)
Lokasi	Kalmykia
Tanggal	28–31 Desember 1943
Sasaran	Kalmuk
Jenis serangan	Pemindahan paksa, pembersihan etnis
Korban tewas	16.017–16.594 orang; (antara ~17 hingga ~19 persen populasi)
Pelaku	NKVD

Deportasi Kalmuk 1943 atau Operasi Ulusy (bahasa Rusia: Операция «Улусы») adalah deportasi yang dilakukan terhadap 93.139 orang Kalmuk di Uni Soviet pada tanggal 28–31 Desember 1943. Mereka dideportasi dengan menggunakan gerobak ternak ke Siberia, dan lalu mereka dikirim ke permukiman-permukiman khusus untuk melakukan kerja paksa. Perempuan Kalmuk yang menikah dengan laki-laki dari suku bangsa lain dikecualikan dari operasi ini. Orang-orang Kalmuk dituduh sebagai kaki tangan Blok Poros selama Perang Dunia II, padahal terdapat 23.540 orang Kalmuk yang mengabdi kepada Tentara Merah, sementara hanya sekitar 5.000 orang yang tergabung dalam Korps Kavaleri Kalmuk yang membantu Jerman Nazi.

Pengusiran ini dilancarkan oleh ketua NKVD Lavrentiy Beria dan wakil komisarnya, Ivan Serov, atas perintah dari Josef Stalin. Deportasi ini memakan korban jiwa yang jumlahnya melebihi 16.000 orang, atau sekitar 17% dari populasi Kalmuk pada masa itu. Orang Kalmuk akhirnya direhabilitasi pada tahun 1956 setelah Nikita Khrushchev naik ke tampuk kekuasaan di Uni Soviet dan melancarkan program de-Stalinisasi. Pengasingan mereka pun berakhir pada tahun 1957 dan mereka diperbolehkan pulang ke tanah air mereka.

Referensi

Buckley, Cynthia J.; Ruble, Blair A.; Hofmann, Erin Trouth (2008). Migration, Homeland, and Belonging in Eurasia. Woodrow Wilson Center Press. ISBN 978-0801890758. LCCN 2008-015571.
Bugay, Nikolay (1996). The Deportation of Peoples in the Soviet Union. New York City: Nova Publishers. ISBN 9781560723714.
Cohen, Ariel (1998). Russian Imperialism: Development and Crisis. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780275964818. LCCN 95043730.
Gellately, Robert (2013). Stalin's Curse: Battling for Communism in War and Cold War. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780199668045. LCCN 2012028768.
Gouchinova, Elza-Bair Mataskovna (2013). The Kalmyks. Routledge. ISBN 9781135778873.
Gross, Feliks (1998). The Civic and the Tribal State: The State, Ethnicity, and the Multiethnic State. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313291456. LCCN 98012329.
Ivanova, Galina Mikhailovna; Raleigh, Donald J.; Mikhailovna, Galina; Flath, Carol A. (2015). Labor Camp Socialism: The Gulag in the Soviet Totalitarian System. Routledge. ISBN 9781317466642.
Leong, Albert (2002). Centaur: The Life and Art of Ernst Neizvestny. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780742520585. LCCN 2002001982.
Maksimov, Konstantin Nikolaevich (2008). Kalmykia in Russia's Past and Present National Policies and Administrative System. Central European University Press. ISBN 9789639776173. LCCN 2007052048.
Maslov, Aleksander A. (2016). David, M. Glantz, ed. Fallen Soviet Generals: Soviet General Officers Killed in Battle, 1941-1945. Routledge. ISBN 9781135252427. LCCN 2001028004.
Mastyugina, Tatiana; Perepelkina, L.; Perepelkin, Lev (1996). An Ethnic History of Russia: Pre-revolutionary Times to the Present. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313293153. LCCN 96007141.
Mawdsley, Evan (1998). The Stalin Years: The Soviet Union, 1929-1953. Manchester University Press. ISBN 9780719046001. LCCN 2003046365.
Minahan, James (2000). One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313309847. LCCN 99046040.
Müller, Rudolf-Dieter (2012). The Unknown Eastern Front: The Wehrmacht and Hitler's Foreign Soldiers. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9781780760728. LCCN 2012451154.
Nader, Kathleen; Dubrow, Nancy; Stamm, B. Hudnall (1999). Honoring Differences: Cultural Issues in the Treatment of Trauma and Loss. Psychology Press. ISBN 9780876309346. LCCN 99011369.
Parrish, Michael (1996). The Lesser Terror: Soviet State Security, 1939-1953. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780275951139. LCCN 94038565.
Perovic, Jeronim (2018). From Conquest to Deportation: The North Caucasus under Russian Rule. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190934675.
Pohl, J. Otto (1999). Ethnic Cleansing in the Ussr, 1937-1949. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313309212. LCCN 98046822.
Pokalova, Elena (2015). Chechnya's Terrorist Network: The Evolution of Terrorism in Russia's North Caucasus. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781440831553. LCCN 2014038634.
Polian, Pavel (2004). Against Their Will: The History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR. Budapest; New York City: Central European University Press. ISBN 9789639241688. LCCN 2003019544.
Rywkin, Michael (1994). Moscow's Lost Empire. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 9781315287713. LCCN 93029308.
Service, Hugo (2013). Germans to Poles: Communism, Nationalism and Ethnic Cleansing After the Second World War. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107671485. LCCN 2013008430.
Shearer, David R.; Khaustov, Vladimir (2014). Stalin and the Lubianka: A Documentary History of the Political Police and Security Organs in the Soviet Union, 1922–1953. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300210712. LCCN 2014012361.
Tolz, Vera (1993). "New Information about the Deportation of Ethnic Groups in the USSR during World War 2". Dalam Garrard, John; Healicon, Alison. World War 2 and the Soviet People: Selected Papers from the Fourth World Congress for Soviet and East European Studies. New York City: Springer. ISBN 9781349227969. LCCN 92010827.
Travis, Hannibal (2013). Genocide, Ethnonationalism, and the United Nations: Exploring the Causes of Mass Killing Since 1945. Routledge. ISBN 9780415531252. LCCN 2012025946.
Viola, Lynne (2007). The Unknown Gulag: The Lost World of Stalin's Special Settlements. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195187694. OCLC 456302666.
Weiner, Amir (2013). "The Empires Pays a Visit: Gulag Returnees, East European Rebellions, and Soviet Frontier Politics". Dalam Kozlov, Denis; Gilburd, Eleonory. The Thaw: Soviet Society and Culture during the 1950s and 1960s. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9781442618954. LCCN 2013431527.
Williams, Brian Glyn (2001). The Crimean Tatars: The Diaspora Experience and the Forging of a Nation. BRILL. ISBN 9789004121225. LCCN 2001035369.

Jurnal

Mongolia Society (1962). "The American Kalmyks". 1 (1): 6–8. JSTOR 43194607.
Bormanshinov, Arash (1963). "The Kalmyks in America 1952–62". 50 (2): 149–151. doi:10.1080/03068376308731819.
Chetyrova, Lyubov B. (2011). "The Idea of Labor Among Deported Kalmyks: Kalmyk Resilience Through Celebration in the Gulag". Mongolian Studies. 33 (1). JSTOR 43194557.
Grannes, Alf (1991). "The Soviet deportation in 1943 of the Karachays: a Turkic Muslim people of North Caucasus". Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs. 12 (1): 55–68. doi:10.1080/02666959108716187.
Kreindler, Isabelle (1986). "The soviet deported nationalities: A summary and an update". Soviet Studies. 38 (3): 387–405. doi:10.1080/09668138608411648.
Pohl, J. Otto (2000). "Stalin's genocide against the "Repressed Peoples"". Journal of Genocide Research. 2 (2): 267–293. doi:10.1080/713677598.
Sinclair, Tara (2008). "Tibetan Reform and the Kalmyk Revival of Buddhism". Inner Asia. 10 (2): 241–259. doi:10.1163/000000008793066713. JSTOR 23615096.
Statiev, Alexander (2005). "The Nature of Anti-Soviet Armed Resistance, 1942-44: The North Caucasus, the Kalmyk Autonomous Republic, and Crimea". Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History. 6 (2): 285–318. doi:10.1353/kri.2005.0029.
Terentyev, Andrey (1996). "Tibetan Buddhism in Russia". The Tibet Journal. 21 (3): 60–70. JSTOR 43300586.
Tsomo, Karma Lekshe (2016). "Prayers of Resistance: Kalmyk Women's Covert Buddhist Practice". Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 20 (1): 86–98. doi:10.1525/novo.2016.20.1.86.