Adam (rahib Nestorianisme)

Adam / Ching-Ching
ܐܕܡ (Adam)
景淨 (Ching-Ching)
"Adam" dalam Abjad Suryani pada Prasasti Xi'an (dibaca dari kanan ke kiri)
Informasi pribadi
Lahir750/751 M
Meninggalk. setelah 781 M
Tiongkok
AgamaKristen
Berkembangabad ke-8 M
MazhabNestorianisme
PekerjaanDiaken

Adam (bahasa Suryani: ܐܕܡ, translit. Adam), juga dikenal sebagai Ching-Ching (Hanzi: 景淨; Pinyin: Jǐngjìng; Wade–Giles: Ching3-ching4), adalah seorang rahib Kristen Suryani di Tiongkok. Dia menyusun Prasasti Nestoria Xian, yang menggambarkan sejarah Gereja dari Timur di Tiongkok pada tahun 635 hingga 781.[1] Banyak cendekiawan percaya bahwa dia juga menulis Sutra Jingjiao.[2]

Kehidupan

Para ahli berpendapat kemungkinan kelahiran Adam di sekitar tahun 750 atau 751.[3][4] Ayah dari Adam bernama Yazedbozid (bahasa Suryani: ܝܙܕܒܘܙܝܕ, translit. Yazedbuzid; Tionghoa: 伊斯; Yīsī), yang merupakan bagian dari kesatuan pertempuran yang diundang ke Tiongkok oleh istana Tang untuk membantu memadamkan Pemberontakan An Shi.[3] Menurut tulisan aksara Suryani pada prasasti tersebut, kakek Adam bernama Mailas (ܡܝܠܝܣ Milis), yang merupakan seorang imam dari Balkh (ܒܠܟ݂ Balkh) di Tokharistan (bahasa Suryani: ܬܟ݂ܘܪܝܣܬܢ, translit. Takhouristan, di Afganistan bagian utara.[4][5] Juga dikatakan bahwa Adam dibesarkan atau lahir di Tiongkok dan menerima pendidikan ala Tionghoa karena pemahamannya tentang bahasa Tionghoa Klasik dan pemikiran keagamaan Tiongkok yang diamati dalam tulisan-tulisannya.[6][7]

Prasasti Xi'an

Sekitar tahun 781, Adam menyusun Prasasti Xi'an, yang juga dikenal sebagai Prasasti Nestoria.[8] Sumber juga menyatakan bahwa Adam menerjemahkan (atas perintah kekaisaran) beberapa naskah Alkitab ke dalam bahasa Tionghoa. Naskah-naskah tersebut tampaknya merupakan parafrasa dari bagian-bagian tertentu dari Perjanjian Baru dan pada tingkat yang lebih kecil, bagian-bagian dari Perjanjian Lama.[4] Pada tahun 786, Adam membantu seorang biksu Buddha India bernama Prajna dari Kapisa bernama menerjemahkan naskah Sutra Enam Paramita Mahayana dari suatu bahasa Iran Timur (Sogdi atau Baktria) ke dalam bahasa Tionghoa. Naskah yang diterjemahkan disajikan kepada Kaisar Dezong pada tahun 787, yang ternyata menolak terjemahan dengan alasan itu salah, rusak, dan bingung dengan perpaduan konsep Buddhisme dan Nestorianisme.[9][10]

Adam merupakan seorang penutur dwibahasa Persia dan Tionghoa. Dia juga dapat memahami bahasa Suryani, Arab, dan suatu bahasa Iran Timur (Sogdi atau Baktria).[11]

Adam atau Ching-Ching disebutkan beberapa kali dalam Prasasti Nestoria Xi'an:
"Pada tahun seribu sembilan puluh dua Yunani, Tuan Jazedbuzid, Imam dan Vikaris-episkopal Cumdan[12] kota kerajaan, putra Mailas yang tercerahkan, Imam Balakh sebuah kota Turkestan, mendirikan prasasti ini , di mana tertulis Takdir Penebus kita, dan khotbah para misionaris apostolik kepada Kaisar Tiongkok. ["imam Lingpau", dalam bahasa Tionghoa] "Adam sang Diaken, putra dari Jazedbuzid, Vikaris-episkopal. Tuan Sergius, Imam dan Vikaris-episkopal. Sabar Yesus, Imam. Gabriel, imam, Diaken Agung, dan Pengkhotbah Cumdan dan Sarag."[13][14]

Referensi

Catatan kaki

  1. ^ Toshikazu S. Foley (July 2008). "Translating Biblical Texts into Chinese: The Pioneer Venture of the Nestorian Missionaries" (PDF). Technical Papers for the Bible Translator. 59 (3): 113–121. doi:10.1177/026009350805900301. 
  2. ^ Malek, Roman; Hofrichter, Peter (2006). 景教: The Church of the East in China and Central Asia (dalam bahasa Inggris). Institut Monumenta Serica. hlm. 93. ISBN 978-3-8050-0534-0. 
  3. ^ a b Godwin (2018), p. 142
  4. ^ a b c Kurian, George Thomas; III, James D. Smith (2010). The Encyclopedia of Christian Literature. Scarecrow Press. hlm. 251. ISBN 978-0-8108-7283-7. 
  5. ^ Havret, Henri (1848–1901) Auteur du texte (1895–1902). La stèle chrétienne de Si-ngan-fou. 3 / par le P. Henri Havret,... ; avec la collab. du P. Louis Cheikho,... [pour la IIIe partie] (dalam bahasa Inggris). hlm. 61. 
  6. ^ Tang, Li; Winkler, Dietmar W. (2013). From the Oxus River to the Chinese Shores: Studies on East Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia. LIT Verlag Münster. hlm. 114. ISBN 978-3-643-90329-7. 
  7. ^ Covell, Ralph (2004). Confucius, the Buddha, and Christ: A History of the Gospel in Chinese. Wipf and Stock Publishers. hlm. 26. ISBN 978-1-59244-533-2. 
  8. ^ Godwin (2018), p. 10
  9. ^ Gillman, Ian; Klimkeit, Hans-Joachim (1999). Christians in Asia Before 1500 (dalam bahasa Inggris). Psychology Press. hlm. 282. ISBN 978-0-7007-1022-5. 
  10. ^ Godwin (2018), p. 145-146
  11. ^ Godwin (2018), p. 176
  12. ^ Mendoza, Juan González de (17 December 2020). History of the Kingdom of China (Vol. 1&2) (dalam bahasa Inggris). hlm. 9. 
  13. ^ Lieu, Samuel N. C. (1985). Manichaeism in the Later Roman Empire and Medieval China: A Historical Survey (dalam bahasa Inggris). Manchester University Press. hlm. 180. ISBN 978-0-7190-1088-0. Lo-yang (Sarag in Sogdian) 
  14. ^ Holm, Frits Vilhelm. "The Nestorian Monument: An Ancient Record of Christianity in China". 

Daftar pustaka

  • Godwin, R. Todd (2018). Persian Christians at the Chinese Court: The Xi'an Stele and the Early Medieval Church of the East. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78673-316-0.

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