Logica

Logica
instantia de: class used in Universal Decimal Classification[*], scientias formal, branch of philosophy[*]
parte de: mathematica, philosophia


Commons: Logic

In general, le logica es le studio del systemas de rationamento, isto es, del systemas de rationamento que un esser intelligente poterea utilisar pro rationar. Le logica servirea pro dicer qual formas de inferentia es valide e quales non. Traditionalmente, on lo studia como branca del philosophia, ma illo tamben poterea esser considerate un branca del mathematica o del informatica.

Etymologia

Logica proveni del greco classic λόγος (logos) significante parola; lo dicite. Plus tarde, le significato se extendeva a includer pensamento; ration.

Explication

Le linguage pote esser usate de distincte formas: pro peter alique, o pro avisar a alcuno, pro describer alique que nos ha vidite o simplemente pro exprimer un sensation, como quando nos crita si nos tocca foco. Le logica es un uso special del linguage que es connexe con le senso e le exactitude de illo que nos dice. Concretemente, illo es le disciplina que studia le structura, fundamento e uso del expressiones del cognoscentia human.

Aristotele, qui es considerate le pionero in le studio del logica e su creator in su forma classic, lo considerava como le arte del argumentation correcte e ver. Le libros que tractava le themas de logica, Aristotele titulava "Organon", que significa "instrumento". Iste obras se centra in le studio del syllogismo, un collection de tres presumptiones o judicios que ha inter se le sequente relation: le tertie se deriva - se deduce o se conclude - del duo alteres. Le duo alteres on appella ""premissoas", e le ultime on lo appella "conclusion". Un exemplo classic de syllogismo es: "Tote le homines son mortal; Socrates es un homine; dunque Socrates es mortal".

Sequente le definition classic de logica, nos pote dicer que illo tracta del scientia - o del studio - que tracta le rationamentos correcte. Durante multe seculos se disveloppava tamben un importante comprension del rationamentos incorrecte o falsitates, emittite multe vices con le animo de confunder le rationamento o le debatto con altere interlocutores.

Hodie, e gratias al travalios de un grande numero de mathematicos e philosophos, inter qui nos nota George Boole (1815-1864), Giuseppe Peano (1858-1932), Georg Cantor (1845-1918), Gottlob Frege (1848-1925) e Bertrand Russell (1872-1970), se ha disveloppate le logica symbolic o logica formal, lo que se characterisa per le uso de un linguage formal, symbolic, como illo que se usa in le mathematicas, assi como alcun regulas stricte de transformation inter differente propositiones. In illo nos pote differentiar tres brancas principal: Theoria syntactic, Theoria semantic e Theoria axiomatic.

Ultra le logica classic (symbolic), actualmente existe logicas con nomines diverse como: le logica diffuse, logica probabilistic, logica modal e logicas non monotone.

Bibliographia

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