Prédiális nemes

A prédiális nemesek (latinul: nobilis praedialis) a 13. századtól az országos nemeseknél jogilag alacsonyabb rangú nemesek voltak. A 14. században elsősorban királyi várbirtok kötelékében éltek – innen nevük gyakran várnemes (nobilis castri) –, később eladományozással magánföldbirtokoshoz is kerülhettek, miközben ők is földesurak voltak, jobbágyaik is lehettek. Hasonló helyzetben voltak hozzájuk az egyházi földbirtokok egyházi nemesei.[1]

Jellemzőik

Birtokuk allodiális természetű volt – praedium innen a neve –, többnyire a nemesi szokásjog szerint öröklődött. Katonai szolgálat terhelte őket, amit a vár honorbirtokosának zászlaja alatt teljesítettek – szemben az országos nemesekkel, akik a király zászlaja alatt. Bírájuk is a vár honorbirtokosa volt, de létrehozták a nemesi megye mintájára saját bírói széküket is. Általában adómentesek sem voltak, bár nekik maguknak is voltak jobbágyaik.[1]

Eredetüket tekintve lehettek szolgaállapotúak, akik pl. jutalomból eredeti tulajdonosaik lelki üdvéért az egyháznak ajándékozva végeztek ott gazdaságirányító munkát. De lehettek szabadok is, akik a szolgálatba fogadás és a megélhetés fejében lemondtak szabadságukról. Szabadságukat csak akkor nyerhették vissza, ha belépéskor kikötötték maguknak a kilépés lehetőségét. Gyakran a várjobbágyok alakultak át prédiális nemessé, mint pl. Szlavóniában. Tágabb értelemben prédiális nemesek voltak a felvidéki jobbágyfiúk és a román kenézek is.[1]

Jegyzetek

  1. ↑ a b c szerk.: Kristó Gyula (főszerk.), Engel Pál, Makk Ferenc: Korai magyar történeti lexikon (9-14- század). Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, 662. o. (1994). ISBN 963-05-6722-9 

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