Nukleáris láncreakció

Nukleáris láncreakcióról beszélünk, ha egy magreakció terméke újabb magreakciót vált ki. Ez a magreakciók számának exponenciális növekedését eredményezi.

Néhány láncreakció egyenlete:

  • U-235 + neutron → kisebb atommagok + 2,52 neutron + 180 MeV
  • Pu-239 + neutron → kisebb atommagok + 2,95 neutron + 200 MeV

Az atomerőművekben (és a nukleáris fegyverekben) az urán és a plutónium maghasadásának láncreakcióját alkalmazzák. Lényege az, hogy a maghasadás során felszabaduló 2-3 neutron újabb maghasadást váltson ki. A neutronnal a reaktorban alapvetően 3 dolog történhet:

  • újabb maghasadást idéz elő
  • egy hasadásképtelen atommag befogja
  • elhagyja a reaktor aktív térfogatát

Az egy hasadásból származó neutronok számát, amelyek újabb hasadást váltanak ki, k sokszorozási tényezőnek nevezzük. A fentebb felsorolt folyamatok valószínűségeinek aránya határozza meg a k értékét:

  • k < 1 a láncreakció megszűnik – szubkritikus állapot
  • k = 1 a láncreakció stacionárius (a másodpercenkénti hasadások száma állandó) – kritikus állapot
  • k > 1 a másodpercenkénti hasadások száma exponenciálisan növekszik – szuperkritikus állapot

A láncreakció lehetőségét és esetleges katonai alkalmazását Szilárd Leó magyar származású fizikus fedezte föl 1933-ban.

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