Grmuše
| Grmuše | |
|---|---|
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| Sistematika | |
| Carstvo: | Animalia |
| Koljeno: | Chordata |
| Razred: | Aves |
| Red: | Passeriformes |
| Podred: | Passeri |
| Porodica: | Sylviidae |
| Rod: | Sylvia |
| Vrste | |
u tekstu | |
| Baze podataka | |
Grmuše (lat. Sylvia) su rod ptica iz reda vrapčarki (Passeriformes).
Sistematika
Razgraničenje vrsta između ove, još jedne vrstama brojne porodice Cisticolidae i porodice Timaliidae je vrlo teško. Prvu se ponekad razvrstava kao potporodicu grmuša, a drugu se ujedinjuje s njima. U trenutnom obuhvatu, grmuše su parafilijska skupina.
Opis
Većina grmuša je sličnog izgleda, iako neke azijske vrste imaju izražene šare. Oba spola su obično ista, ali kod nekih vrsta mogu biti veoma različiti, posebno u rodu Sylvia. Malene su do srednje veličine, 9 do 16 cm duge s tankim kljunom. Perje im je najčešće sivo, plavo ili maslinasto zeleno. Skoro sve vrste su kukcojedi, iako neke također jedu voće, nektar ili maleno sjemenje.
Nastanjuju prije svega područja s gustom vegetacijom, i tu se i gnijezde. Većina vrsta je monogamno i grade jednostavno gnijezdo oblika šalice u gustoj vegetaciji. Nesu između dva i šest jaja, ovisno o vrsti. Oba spola pomažu u podizanju mladih, koji su sposobni za let nakon dva tjedna.
Rod grmuša ima, prema trenutnoj sistematici, 48 rodova i oko 280 vrsta.
Vrste grmuša
- Sylvia althaea Hume, 1878
- Sylvia althaea althaea Hume, 1878
- Sylvia althaea monticola Portenko, 1955
- Sylvia atricapilla (Linnaeus, 1758) - crnokapa grmuša
- Sylvia atricapilla atricapilla (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Sylvia atricapilla dammholzi Stresemann, 1928
- Sylvia atricapilla gularis Alexander, 1898
- Sylvia atricapilla heineken (Jardine, 1830)
- Sylvia atricapilla pauluccii Arrigoni degli Oddi, 1902
- Sylvia balearica Von Jordans, 1913
- Sylvia boehmi (Reichenow, 1882)
- Sylvia boehmi boehmi (Reichenow, 1882)
- Sylvia boehmi marsabit (Someren, 1931)
- Sylvia boehmi somalica (Friedmann, 1928)
- Sylvia borin (Boddaert, 1783) - siva grmuša, Grmuša smokvarica
- Sylvia borin borin (Boddaert, 1783)
- Sylvia borin woodwardi (Sharpe, 1877)
- Sylvia buryi (Ogilvie-Grant, 1913)
- Sylvia cantillans - bjelobrka grmuša
- Sylvia cantillans albistriata (C. L. Brehm, 1855)
- Sylvia cantillans cantillans (Pallas, 1764)
- Sylvia cantillans inornata Tschusi, 1906
- Sylvia communis Latham, 1787 - grmuša pjenica, Grmuša obična
- Sylvia communis communis Latham, 1787
- Sylvia communis icterops Ménétriés, 1832
- Sylvia communis rubicola Stresemann, 1928
- Sylvia communis volgensis Domaniewski, 1915
- Sylvia conspicillata Temminck, 1820
- Sylvia conspicillata conspicillata Temminck, 1820
- Sylvia conspicillata orbitalis (Wahlberg, 1854)
- Sylvia crassirostris Cretzschmar, 1830 ,[1] istočna velika grmuša.[2]
- Sylvia crassirostris balchanica Zarudny & Bilkevitch, 1918
- Sylvia crassirostris crassirostris Cretzschmar, 1830
- Sylvia crassirostris jerdoni (Blyth, 1847)
- Sylvia curruca (Linnaeus, 1758) - Grmuša čevrljinka
- Sylvia curruca caucasica Ognev & Banikovski, 1910
- Sylvia curruca curruca (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Sylvia curruca halimodendri Sushkin, 1904
- Sylvia curruca telengitica Sushkin, 1925
- Sylvia deserti (Loche, 1858)
- Sylvia deserticola Tristram, 1859
- Sylvia deserticola deserticola Tristram, 1859
- Sylvia deserticola maroccana Hartert, 1917
- Sylvia deserticola ticehursti Meinertzhagen, 1939
- Sylvia hortensis (Gmelin, 1789) - velika grmuša
- Sylvia hortensis cyrenaicae Svensson, 2012
- Sylvia hortensis hortensis Gmelin, 1789
- Sylvia layardi (Hartlaub, 1862)
- Sylvia layardi aridicola (Winterbottom, 1958)
- Sylvia layardi barnesi (Vincent, 1948)
- Sylvia layardi layardi (Hartlaub, 1862)
- Sylvia layardi subsolana (Clancey, 1963)
- Sylvia leucomelaena (Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1833)
- Sylvia leucomelaena blanfordi Seebohm, 1879
- Sylvia leucomelaena leucomelaena (Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1833)
- Sylvia leucomelaena negevensis Shirihai, 1988
- Sylvia leucomelaena somaliensis (W. L. Sclater & Mackworth-Praed, 1918)
- Sylvia lugens Rüppell, 1840
- Sylvia lugens clara (Meise, 1934)
- Sylvia lugens griseiventris (Erard, 1978)
- Sylvia lugens jacksoni (Sharpe, 1899)
- Sylvia lugens lugens Rüppell, 1840
- Sylvia lugens prigoginei (Schouteden, 1952)
- Sylvia melanocephala (Gmelin, 1789) - crnoglava grmuša
- Sylvia melanocephala leucogastra (Ledru, 1810)
- Sylvia melanocephala melanocephala (Gmelin, 1789)
- Sylvia melanocephala momus (Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1833)
- Sylvia melanocephala norrisae Nicoll, 1917
- Sylvia melanocephala pasiphae Stresemann & Schiebel, 1925
- Sylvia melanocephala valverdei J. Cabot & C. Urdiales, 2005
- Sylvia melanothorax Tristram, 1872
- Sylvia minula Hume, 1873
- Sylvia minula jaxartica Snigirewski, 1929
- Sylvia minula margelanica Stolzmann, 1898
- Sylvia minula minula Hume, 1873
- Sylvia moltonii Orlando, 1937
- Sylvia mystacea Ménétriés, 1832
- Sylvia mystacea mystacea Ménétriés, 1832
- Sylvia mystacea rubescens Blanford, 1874
- Sylvia mystacea turcmenica Zarudny & Bilkevitch, 1918
- Sylvia nana (Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1833)
- Sylvia nisoria (Bechstein, 1792) - pjegava grmuša
- Sylvia nisoria merzbacheri Schalow, 1907
- Sylvia nisoria nisoria (Bechstein, 1792)
- Sylvia ruppeli Temminck, 1823
- Sylvia sarda Temminck, 1820
- Sylvia subalpina Temminck, 1820
- Sylvia subcaerulea Vieillot, 1817
- Sylvia subcaerulea ansorgei (Zedlitz, 1921)
- Sylvia subcaerulea cinerascens (Reichenow, 1902)
- Sylvia subcaerulea orpheana (Clancey, 1954)
- Sylvia subcaerulea subcaerulea Vieillot, 1817
- Sylvia undata (Boddaert, 1783) crvenooka grmuša
- Sylvia undata dartfordiensis Latham, 1787
- Sylvia undata toni Hartert, 1909
- Sylvia undata undata (Boddaert, 1783)
Izvori
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