אריזת מעגלים בתוך מעגל

אריזת מעגלים בתוך מעגל היא בעיית אריזה דו־ממדית שמטרתה לארוז את מעגלי היחידה במעגל עם הרדיוס הקטן ביותר האפשרי.

טבלת פתרונות,

אם קיים יותר מפתרון אופטימלי אחד, כולם מוצגים.[1]

רדיוס המעגל התוחם

צפיפות

אופטימליות פתרון עבור n מעגלים
1 1 1.0 טריוויאלי
2 2 0.5 טריוויאלי
3 2.155...

 

0.6466... טריוויאלי
4 2.414...

 

0.6864... טריוויאלי
5 2.701...

 

0.6854... הוכח על ידי גרהאם

(1968)[2]

6 3 0.6666... הוכח על ידי גרהאם

(1968)[2]

7 3 0.7777... טריוויאלי
8 3.304...

 

0.7328... הוכח על ידי U.Pirl

(1969)[3]

9 3.613...

 

0.6895... הוכח על ידי U.Pirl

(1969)[3]

10 3.813... 0.6878... הוכח על ידי U.Pirl

(1969)[3]

11 3.923...

 

0.7148... הוכח על ידי מאליסן

(1994)[4]

12 4.029... 0.7392... הוכח על ידי פודור

(2000)[5]

13 4.236...

 

0.7245... הוכח על ידי פודור

(2003)[6]

14 4.328... 0.7474... הוכח על ידי Ekanayake and LaFountain

(2024).[7]

15 4.521...

 

0.7339... שוער כאופטימלי על ידי U.Pirl

(1969).[8]

16 4.615... 0.7512... שוער כאופטימלי על ידי גולדברג

(1971).[8]

17 4.792... 0.7403... שוער כאופטימלי על ידי רייס

(1975).[8]

18 4.863...

 

0.7609... שוער כאופטימלי על ידי U.Pirl

(1969), ונוספו סידורים נוספים על ידי Graham, Lubachevsky, Nurmela, and Östergård (1998).[8]

19 4.863...

 

0.8032... הוכח על ידי פודור

(1999)[9]

20 5.122... 0.7623... שוער כאופטימלי על ידי גולדברג (1971).[8]

מקרים מיוחדים

רק 26 אריזות אופטימליות נחשבות כקשיחות (ללא עיגולים שיכולים "לשקשק").

המספרים המודגשים הם ראשוניים:

  • הוכח עבור n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 19
  • משוער עבור n = 15, 16, 17, 18, 22, 23, 27, 30, 31, 33, 37, 61, 91

הערות שוליים

  1. ^ Friedman, Erich, "Circles in Circles", Erich's Packing Center, אורכב מ-המקור ב-2020-03-18
  2. ^ 1 2 R.L. Graham, Sets of points with given minimum separation (Solution to Problem El921), Amer. Math. Monthly 75 (1968) 192-193.
  3. ^ 1 2 3 U. Pirl, Der Mindestabstand von n in der Einheitskreisscheibe gelegenen Punkten, Mathematische Nachrichten 40 (1969) 111-124.
  4. ^ H. Melissen, Densest packing of eleven congruent circles in a circle, Geometriae Dedicata 50 (1994) 15-25.
  5. ^ F. Fodor, The Densest Packing of 12 Congruent Circles in a Circle, Beiträge zur Algebra und Geometrie, Contributions to Algebra and Geometry 41 (2000) ?, 401–409.
  6. ^ F. Fodor, The Densest Packing of 13 Congruent Circles in a Circle, Beiträge zur Algebra und Geometrie, Contributions to Algebra and Geometry 44 (2003) 2, 431–440.
  7. ^ Ekanayake, Dinesh; LaFountain, Douglas. "Tight partitions for packing circles in a circle" (PDF). Italian Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics. 51: 115–136.
  8. ^ 1 2 3 4 5 Graham RL, Lubachevsky BD, Nurmela KJ, Ostergard PRJ. Dense packings of congruent circles in a circle. Discrete Math 1998;181:139–154.
  9. ^ F. Fodor, The Densest Packing of 19 Congruent Circles in a Circle, Geom. Dedicata 74 (1999), 139–145.

[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] </references>

קישורים חיצוניים

  1. ^ F. Fodor, The Densest Packing of 12 Congruent Circles in a Circle, Beiträge zur Algebra und Geometrie, Contributions to Algebra and Geometry 41 (2000) ?, 401–409.
  2. ^ F. Fodor, The Densest Packing of 13 Congruent Circles in a Circle, Beiträge zur Algebra und Geometrie, Contributions to Algebra and Geometry 44 (2003) 2, 431–440.
  3. ^ F. Fodor, The Densest Packing of 19 Congruent Circles in a Circle, Geom. Dedicata 74 (1999), 139–145.
  4. ^ R.L. Graham, Sets of points with given minimum separation (Solution to Problem El921), Amer. Math. Monthly 75 (1968) 192-193.
  5. ^ Graham RL, Lubachevsky BD, Nurmela KJ, Ostergard PRJ. Dense packings of congruent circles in a circle. Discrete Math 1998;181:139–154.
  6. ^ U. Pirl, Der Mindestabstand von n in der Einheitskreisscheibe gelegenen Punkten, Mathematische Nachrichten 40 (1969) 111-124.
  7. ^ H. Melissen, Densest packing of eleven congruent circles in a circle, Geometriae Dedicata 50 (1994) 15-25.

Read other articles:

Yang MuliaAgustinus AgusUskup Agung PontianakKeuskupan agungPontianakProvinsi gerejawiPontianakMetropolisPontianakPenunjukan3 Juni 2014(9 tahun, 285 hari)Awal masa jabatan28 Agustus 2014PendahuluHieronymus Herculanus Bumbun, O.F.M. Cap.ImamatTahbisan imam19 Juni 1977[1](46 tahun, 282 hari)oleh Hieronymus Herculanus Bumbun, O.F.M.Cap.Tahbisan uskup6 Februari 2000(24 tahun, 37 hari)oleh Julius Kardinal Darmaatmadja, S.J.Informasi pribadiNama lahir...

 

Liga Champions Wanita UEFA 2022–2023Stadion Philips di Eindhoven menjadi tuan rumah pertandingan finalInformasi turnamenJadwalpenyelenggaraanKualifikasi:18 Agustus – 29 September 2022Kompetisi utama:19 Oktober 2022 – 3 Juni 2023Jumlahtim peserta71 (dari 49 asosiasi)Hasil turnamenJuara Barcelona (gelar ke-2)Tempat kedua VfL WolfsburgStatistik turnamenJumlahpertandingan61Jumlah gol211 (3,46 per pertandingan)Jumlahpenonton681.175 (11.167 per pertandingan)Pencetak golterbanya...

 

Election in New Jersey Main article: 1956 United States presidential election 1956 United States presidential election in New Jersey ← 1952 November 6, 1956 1960 →   Nominee Dwight D. Eisenhower Adlai Stevenson Party Republican Democratic Home state Pennsylvania[a] Illinois Running mate Richard Nixon Estes Kefauver Electoral vote 16 0 Popular vote 1,606,942 850,337 Percentage 64.68% 34.23% County Results Eisenhower  50-60% ...

Armed forces of the Muslim Rashidun Caliphate This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Rashidun army – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Rashidun armyجيش الراشدينActive632–661AllegianceRashidun CaliphateTypeLand...

 

Peta infrastruktur dan tata guna lahan di Komune Bouzemont.  = Kawasan perkotaan  = Lahan subur  = Padang rumput  = Lahan pertanaman campuran  = Hutan  = Vegetasi perdu  = Lahan basah  = Anak sungaiBouzemont merupakan sebuah komune di departemen Vosges yang terletak pada sebelah timur laut Prancis. Lihat pula Komune di departemen Vosges Referensi INSEE lbsKomune di departemen Vosges Les Ableuvenettes Ahéville Aingeville Ainvelle Allarmont Ambacourt Ame...

 

Torneo di Wimbledon 1955Doppio femminile Sport Tennis Vincitrici Angela Mortimer Anne Shilcock Finaliste Shirley Bloomer Pat Ward Punteggio 7-5, 6-1 Tornei Singolare uomini donne   ragazzi ragazze Doppio uomini donne misto 1954 1956 Voce principale: Torneo di Wimbledon 1955. Angela Mortimer e Anne Shilcock hanno sconfitto in una finale interamente britannica Shirley Bloomer e Pat Ward col punteggio di 7-5, 6-1. Indice 1 Teste di serie 2 Tabellone 2.1 Legenda 2.2 Fase finale 2.3 Parte al...

2016年美國總統選舉 ← 2012 2016年11月8日 2020 → 538個選舉人團席位獲勝需270票民意調查投票率55.7%[1][2] ▲ 0.8 %   获提名人 唐納·川普 希拉莉·克林頓 政党 共和黨 民主党 家鄉州 紐約州 紐約州 竞选搭档 迈克·彭斯 蒂姆·凱恩 选举人票 304[3][4][註 1] 227[5] 胜出州/省 30 + 緬-2 20 + DC 民選得票 62,984,828[6] 65,853,514[6]...

 

2020年夏季奥林匹克运动会波兰代表團波兰国旗IOC編碼POLNOC波蘭奧林匹克委員會網站olimpijski.pl(英文)(波兰文)2020年夏季奥林匹克运动会(東京)2021年7月23日至8月8日(受2019冠状病毒病疫情影响推迟,但仍保留原定名称)運動員206參賽項目24个大项旗手开幕式:帕维尔·科热尼奥夫斯基(游泳)和马娅·沃什乔夫斯卡(自行车)[1]闭幕式:卡罗利娜·纳亚(皮划艇)&#...

 

本條目存在以下問題,請協助改善本條目或在討論頁針對議題發表看法。 此條目需要編修,以確保文法、用詞、语气、格式、標點等使用恰当。 (2013年8月6日)請按照校對指引,幫助编辑這個條目。(幫助、討論) 此條目剧情、虛構用語或人物介紹过长过细,需清理无关故事主轴的细节、用語和角色介紹。 (2020年10月6日)劇情、用語和人物介紹都只是用於了解故事主軸,輔助�...

本條目存在以下問題,請協助改善本條目或在討論頁針對議題發表看法。 此條目需要編修,以確保文法、用詞、语气、格式、標點等使用恰当。 (2013年8月6日)請按照校對指引,幫助编辑這個條目。(幫助、討論) 此條目剧情、虛構用語或人物介紹过长过细,需清理无关故事主轴的细节、用語和角色介紹。 (2020年10月6日)劇情、用語和人物介紹都只是用於了解故事主軸,輔助�...

 

Bus rapid transit line in the Minneapolis metropolitan area of the United States Metro C LineA northbound bus on Penn Avenue in North Minneapolis.OverviewSystemMetroOperatorMetro TransitGarageFred T. HeywoodVehicleNFI XD60, NFI XE60StatusOperationalBegan serviceJune 8, 2019PredecessorsRoute 19Parts of 6th Ave N, Glenwood, and Penn StreetcarsRouteRoute typeBus rapid transitLocaleMinneapolis–St. Paul, MinnesotaStartBrooklyn Center Transit CenterViaOlson Memorial Highway, Penn AvenueEndDownto...

 

هذه المقالة تحتاج للمزيد من الوصلات للمقالات الأخرى للمساعدة في ترابط مقالات الموسوعة. فضلًا ساعد في تحسين هذه المقالة بإضافة وصلات إلى المقالات المتعلقة بها الموجودة في النص الحالي. (أغسطس 2017) نيفيديبين نيفيديبين الاسم النظامي ثنائي ميثيل 6،2-ثنائي ميثيل-4-(2-نترو فينيل)- 4،1...

Tales of the UnexpectedCover of Tales of the Unexpected #1 (Feb.–March 1956) by Bill Ely.Publication informationPublisherDC ComicsScheduleMonthlyFormatStandardGenreFantasyHorrorScience fictionPublication date List (vol. 1) February–March 1956 – December 1967–January 1968 (vol. 2) December 2006–July 2007 No. of issues List (vol. 1): 104 (continued as The Unexpected) (vol. 2): 8 Creative teamWritten by List (vol. 1) Jack Miller Gardner FoxArnold DrakeOtto BinderDave WoodBob HaneyCarl...

 

Disambiguazione – Se stai cercando il film di Robert Altman, vedi Prêt-à-Porter (film). Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento economia è ritenuta da controllare. Motivo: corposa aggiunta evidente frutto di traduzione automatica non revisionata, da rivedere Partecipa alla discussione e/o correggi la voce. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Abiti prêt-à-porter in vendita in un esercizio commerciale (2007) L'espressione prêt-à-porter, mutuata dalla lingua francese e ...

 

هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (أبريل 2019) دونالد فيكتور داروين معلومات شخصية الميلاد 11 أكتوبر 1896   الوفاة 8 مارس 1972 (75 سنة)   مواطنة أستراليا  الحياة العملية المدرسة الأم جامعة ملبورن  المهنة...

Professional ice hockey exhibition game 37th NHL All-Star Game 123 Total Wales 222 6 Campbell 202 4 DateFebruary 12, 1985ArenaOlympic SaddledomeCityCalgaryMVPMario Lemieux (Pittsburgh)Attendance16,825 ← 1984 1986 → The 37th National Hockey League All-Star Game was held in the Olympic Saddledome in Calgary, home of the Calgary Flames, on February 12, 1985. The Wales Conference defeated the Campbell Conference 6–4. The game's most valuable player was Mario Lemieux, who b...

 

安倍川 静岡県静岡市駿河区の静岡大橋より下流方向水系 一級水系 安倍川種別 一級河川延長 53.3 km流域面積 567.0 km2水源 大谷嶺・八紘嶺・安倍峠(静岡県)河口・合流先 駿河湾(静岡県)流域 日本静岡県静岡市 テンプレートを表示 源流にある大谷崩 安倍川と静岡市街 河口部 安倍川(あべかわ)は、静岡県静岡市葵区および駿河区を流れる河川。一級水系安倍川の本�...

 

1880 essay by Mark Twain The Awful German Language is an 1880 essay by Mark Twain published as Appendix D in A Tramp Abroad.[1] The essay is a humorous exploration of the frustrations a native speaker of English has with learning German as a second language. Background Twain made his first unsuccessful attempt to learn German in 1850 at age fifteen. He resumed his study 28 years later in preparation for a trip to Europe. Upon his arrival in Germany, the fruit of his recent scholarship...

Former eastern territories of Germany that became parts of Poland For territories acquired by Prussia in the 18th century, see Western Borderlands. Map showing Poland's borders pre-1938 and post-1945. The Eastern Borderlands is in gray while the Recovered Territories are in pink. The Recovered Territories or Regained Lands (Polish: Ziemie Odzyskane), also known as the Western Borderlands (Polish: Kresy Zachodnie), and previously as the Western and Northern Territories (Polish: Ziemie Zachodni...

 

Welsh broadcaster and drummer Owain Wyn EvansEvans in 2019Born (1984-03-09) 9 March 1984 (age 40)Ammanford, Carmarthenshire, WalesNationalityBritishOccupation(s)Broadcaster (Radio and television)Years active2003–presentEmployerBBCKnown for BBC Look NorthBBC Radio 2The One ShowBBC BreakfastBBC North West TonightBBC Radio 5 LiveBBC Radio WalesTelevisionBBC Look NorthBBC North West TonightThe One ShowBBC BreakfastSpouse Arran Rees ​(m. 2017)​ Owain W...