Phoenicia
𐤊𐤍𐤏𐤍 (phn-phnx)
Wuri
34°07′00″N 35°39′00″E / 34.11667°N 35.65°E / 34.11667; 35.65
Babban birni	Sidon (en) da Tyre
Bayanan tarihi
Ƙirƙira	<abbr title="Circa (en) ">c. 2500 "BCE"
Rushewa	64 "BCE"
Tsarin Siyasa
Tsarin gwamnati	sarauta, city-state (en) da jamhuriya

Wanda ya Gabatar da Kan'aniyawaDaular HittiyawaDaular Masar (Lardin Romawa)

Mutanen Phoeniciyawa sun kasance rukunin mutanen da suka rayu a cikin jahohin Phoenician tare da bakin teku a yankin Levant na gabashin Bahar Rum, musamman Lebanon na zamani.^[1] Sun ɓullo da wayewar teku wadda ta faɗaɗa kuma ta yi yarjejeniya a cikin tarihi, tare da tushen al'adun su tun daga Arwad na Siriya ta zamani zuwa Dutsen Karmel.^[2] Phoeniciyawa sun ba da tasirin al'adunsu ta hanyar kasuwanci da mulkin mallaka a ko'ina cikin Bahar Rum, daga Cypruzuwa yankin Iberian.

Phoeniciyan kai tsaye sun gaji Kan'aniyawa na Zaman Tagulla, suna ci gaba da al'adun su biyo bayan raguwar mafi yawan manyan al'adu a cikin Rushewar Zamanin Bronze da kuma cikin Zamanin Qarfe ba tare da tsangwama ba. An yi imani da cewa sun bayyana kansu a matsayin Kan'aniyawa kuma suna kiran ƙasarsu Kan'ana, wanda ke nuna ƙungiyar al'adu da ƙasa mai ci gaba.^[3] Sunan Phoenicia tsohuwar tsohuwar Girka ce wanda bai dace daidai da al'adar haɗin kai ko al'umma ba kamar yadda aka fahimce ta ta asali.[8][9Saboda haka, rabon da ke tsakanin Kan’aniyawa da Phoenicians a wajajen shekara ta 1200 BC ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin yanki na zamani da na wucin gadi.[^{[4] [5]}

Phoenicians, waɗanda aka san su da ƙwazonsu a cikin kasuwanci, tuƙin ruwa da kewayawa, sun mamaye kasuwanci a duk zamanin da kuma sun haɓaka hanyar sadarwar kasuwancin teku mai fa'ida da za ta dore sama da shekaru dubu. Wannan hanyar sadarwar ta sauƙaƙe mu'amalar al'adu a tsakanin manyan ɗakin wayewa, kamar Girka, Masar, da Mesopotamiya. Phoenicians sun kafa yankuna da wuraren kasuwanci a fadin Bahar Rum; Carthage, mazauni a arewa maso yammacin Afirka, ya zama babban wayewa a kansa a cikin karni na bakwai BC.

An tsara Phoenicians a cikin jahohin birni, kama da na Girka ta dā, waɗanda mafi shahara daga cikinsu sune Taya, Sidon, da Byblos.[11][12] Kowace jaha mai zaman kanta ta siyasa ce, kuma babu wata shaida da Phoenicians suka ɗauki kansu a matsayin ɗan ƙasa ɗaya [13]. Yayin da akasarin jihohin birni ke gudanar da wani nau'i na sarauta, mai yiwuwa iyalai 'yan kasuwa sun yi tasiri ta hanyar oligachies. Bayan ya kai matsayi na farko a karni na tara kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, wayewar Phoenician a gabashin Bahar Rum a hankali ya ragu saboda tasirin waje da cin nasara. Duk da haka, kasancewarsu ya ci gaba a tsakiya da yammacin Bahar Rum har zuwa halakar Carthage a tsakiyar karni na biyu BC.

An dade ana daukar mutanen Finisiya a matsayin wayewar da ta yi hasarar saboda rashin rubutattun rubuce-rubuce na asali, kuma tun tsakiyar karni na 20 ne masana tarihi da masu binciken kayan tarihi suka iya bayyana wani hadadden wayewa mai tasiri.[14] Sananniyar gadon su shine tabbataccen haruffa mafi tsufa a duniya, wanda asalinsu yana da alaƙa da rubutun Proto-Sinaitic, [15]  wanda kuma aka watsa shi a cikin Bahar Rum kuma aka yi amfani da shi don haɓaka rubutun Larabci da haruffan Girkanci da kuma haruffan Latin da Cyrillic. [16] [17] Har ila yau, ana ba da ƙwararrun Phoenicians da sababbin abubuwa a cikin ginin jirgi, kewayawa, masana'antu, noma,da gwamnati. An yi imanin cewa hanyar sadarwar kasuwancin su ta ƙasa da ƙasa ta haɓaka tushen tattalin arziki, siyasa, da al'adu na Wayewar Yammacin Yamma.[18][19]

Abubuwan da ke ciki

Kasancewar al'ummar jihohin birni masu zaman kansu, a fili Finisiya ba su da kalmar da za su nuna ƙasar Finisiya gabaɗaya;[20] maimakon haka, ana samun aljanu sau da yawa daga sunan birnin da aka yi wa mutum girma daga (misali,  Sidon don Sidon, Tyrian don Taya, da dai sauransu) Idan Phoeniciyawa suna da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙasƙanci don nuna ƙasar gabaɗaya, wasu masana sun yi imanin cewa. da sun yi amfani da “Ka’anan” don haka suna kiran kansu “Ka’ananiyawa”[21]. Krahmalkov ya sake gina rubutun Honeyman (wanda aka rubuta zuwa c. 900 BC na William F. Albright) kamar yadda yake ƙunshe da magana zuwa ƙasar Phoenician, yana kiranta Pūt (Phoenician: 𐤐𐤕).[22]

Obelisks a Karnak  ya ƙunshi nassoshi zuwa "ƙasar fnḫw", fnḫw  kasancewa jam'i nau'i na fnḫ, kalmar Masar ta dā don 'masassaƙi'. Wannan “ƙasar kafintoci” gabaɗaya ana kiranta da Fonisiya, ganin cewa Fenisiya ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cinikin katako na Levant.[23] A matsayin exonym, fnḫw  tabbas an aro shi zuwa Girkanci azaman φοῖνιξ, phoînix, wanda ke nufin sãɓãwar launukansa 'Mutumin Phoenician', 'Tyrian purple, crimson' ko 'date dabino'. Homer ya yi amfani da shi da kowace irin waɗannan ma'anoni.[24] An riga an tabbatar da kalmar a Linear B na Mycenaean Greek daga karni na biyu BC, azaman po-ni-ki-jo. A cikin waɗancan littattafan, ana nufin 'crimson' ko 'bishiyar dabino' kuma ba ta nufin ƙungiyar mutane ba.[25] Sunan Phoenician, kamar Latin Poenī (adj. poenicus, daga baya pūnicus), ya fito daga Girkanci Φοινίκη, Phoiníkē. Poenulus, wasan ban dariya na Latin da aka rubuta a farkon karni na 2 BC, ya bayyana yana adana kalmar Punic don 'Phoeniciyawa', wanda za'a iya sake gina shi azaman *Pōnnim.[26]

1. ↑ Malaspina, Ann (2009). Lebanon. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4381-0579
2. ↑ Meir Edrey (2019). Phoenician Identity in Context: Material Cultural Koiné in the Iron Age Levant. Alter Orient und Altes Testament. Vol. 469. Germany: Ugarit-Verlag – Buch- und Medienhandel Münster. pp. 23–24. ISBN 978-3-86835-282-5.
3. ↑ Gates, Charles (2011). Ancient cities: the archaeology of urban life in the ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece and Rome (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 189–190. ISBN 978-0-203-83057-
4. ↑ Gates, Charles (2011). Ancient cities: the archaeology of urban life in the ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece and Rome (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 189–190. ISBN 978-0-203-83057-
5. ↑ Quinn (2017), p. 16-24