Proteína adaptadora da clatrina

Proteína adaptadora da clatrina
Identificadores
SímboloClat_adaptor_s
PfamPF01217
InterProIPR022775

As proteínas adaptadoras da clatrina, tamén chamadas adaptinas, son proteínas adaptadoras do transporte vesicular asociadas coa clatrina. Estas proteínas sintetízanse nos ribosomas, e son procesadas no retículo endoplasmático e transportadas desde o aparato de Golgi á rede trans-Golgi, e desde alí, por medio de pequenas vesículas transportadoras, ao compartimento do seu destino final. A asociación entre as adaptinas e a clatrina é importante para a selección de cargamento e o seu transporte en vesículas.[1] As cubertas de clatrina conteñen tanto clatrina (que actúa como armazón) coma complexos adaptadores que ligan a clatrina a receptores en vesículas recubertas. Os complexos proteicos asociados á clatrina crese que interaccionan coas colas citoplasmáticas de proteínas de membrana, o que leva á súa selección e concentración. Os dous tipos principais de complexos adaptadores de clatrina son as proteínas adaptadoras de transporte vesicular heterotrímeras (AP1-5), e os adaptadores GGA monómeros.[2][3] As adaptinas están distantemente relacionadas con outros tipos importantes de proteínas de transporte vesicular, as subunidades coatómeros, que comparten entre o 16% e o 26% da súa secuencia de aminoácidos.[4]

Os complexos de proteínas adaptadoras (AP) encóntranse en vesículas revestidas e en depresións cubertas de clatrina. Os complexos de proteínas adaptadoras conectan as proteínas do cargamento e lípidos á clatrina nos sitios de evaxinación de vesículas, así como as proteínas accesorias de unión que regulan a ensamblaxe e desensamblaxe do revestimento (como AP180, epsinas e auxilina). En mamíferos hai diferentes complexos de proteínas adaptadoras. A AP1 é responsable do transporte de hidrolases lisosómicas entre a rede trans-Golgi e os endosomas.[5] O complexo adaptador AP2 asóciase coa membrana plasmática e é responsable da endocitose.[6] A AP3 é responsable do tráfico de proteínas a lisosomas e outros orgánulos relacionados.[7] A AP4 está peor caracterizada. Os complexos de proteínas adaptadoras son heterotetrámeros compostos por dúas grandes subunidades (adaptinas), unha subunidade mediana (mu) e unha pequena subunidade (sigma). Por exemplo, na AP1 estas subunidades son a gamma-1-adaptina, a beta-1-adaptina, a mu-1 e a sigma-1, mentres que na AP2 son a alfa-adaptina, a beta-2-adaptina, a mu-2 e a sigma-2. Cada subunidde ten unha función específica. As adaptinas recoñecen e únense á clatrina por medio da súa rexión bisagra (caixa de clatrina), e recrutan proteínas accesorias que modulan a función das proteínas adaptadoras por medio dos seus dominios orella (apéndices) C-terminais. A mu recoñece sinais de clasificación baseados na tirosina en dominios citoplasmáticos de proteínas de cargamento transmembrana.[8] unha función da clatrina e a endocitose mediada polo complexo AP2 é regular o número de receptores GABA(A) dispoñibles na superficie celular.[9]

Lista de adaptinas

As adaptinas mostran unha similitude de secuencia con algunhas subunidades de COPI, polo que se pensa que teñen unha orixe evolutiva común.[4] A adaptina é un heterotetrámero que consta de dúas grandes proteínas adaptinas (unha beta e outra máis dependendo do complexo), unha adaptina mediana (mu) e unha adaptina pequena (sigma). Hai varios tipos de adaptinas, cada unha relacionada cun diferente complexo de proteína adaptadora. As principais adaptinas son:[4]

Un diagrama dos 5 complexos móstrase aquí

Notas

  1. McMahon HT, Mills IG (August 2004). "COP and clathrin-coated vesicle budding: different pathways, common approaches". Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 16 (4): 379–91. PMID 15261670. doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2004.06.009. 
  2. Voglmaier SM, Edwards RH (June 2007). "Do different endocytic pathways make different synaptic vesicles?". Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 17 (3): 374–80. PMID 17449236. doi:10.1016/j.conb.2007.04.002. 
  3. Boehm M, Bonifacino JS (October 2001). "Adaptins: the final recount". Mol. Biol. Cell 12 (10): 2907–20. PMC 60144. PMID 11598180. doi:10.1091/mbc.12.10.2907. 
  4. 4,0 4,1 4,2 Boehm, Markus; Bonifacino, Juan S. (October 2001). "Adaptins". Molecular Biology of the Cell 12 (10): 2907–2920. ISSN 1059-1524. PMC 60144. PMID 11598180. doi:10.1091/mbc.12.10.2907. 
  5. Touz MC, Kulakova L, Nash TE (July 2004). "Adaptor protein complex 1 mediates the transport of lysosomal proteins from a Golgi-like organelle to peripheral vacuoles in the primitive eukaryote Giardia lamblia". Mol. Biol. Cell 15 (7): 3053–60. PMC 452563. PMID 15107467. doi:10.1091/mbc.E03-10-0744. 
  6. Conner SD, Schmid SL (September 2003). "Differential requirements for AP-2 in clathrin-mediated endocytosis". J. Cell Biol. 162 (5): 773–9. PMC 2172816. PMID 12952931. doi:10.1083/jcb.200304069. 
  7. Gupta SN, Kloster MM, Rodionov DG, Bakke O (June 2006). "Re-routing of the invariant chain to the direct sorting pathway by introduction of an AP3-binding motif from LIMP II". Eur. J. Cell Biol. 85 (6): 457–67. PMID 16542748. doi:10.1016/j.ejcb.2006.02.001. 
  8. Haucke V, Wenk MR, Chapman ER, Farsad K, De Camilli P (November 2000). "Dual interaction of synaptotagmin with mu2- and alpha-adaptin facilitates clathrin-coated pit nucleation". EMBO J. 19 (22): 6011–9. PMC 305843. PMID 11080148. doi:10.1093/emboj/19.22.6011. 
  9. Kanematsu T, Fujii M, Mizokami A, Kittler JT, Nabekura J, Moss SJ, Hirata M (May 2007). "Phospholipase C-related inactive protein is implicated in the constitutive internalization of GABAA receptors mediated by clathrin and AP2 adaptor complex". J. Neurochem. 101 (4): 898–905. PMID 17254016. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04399.x. 
  10. Mattera R, Guardia CM, Sidhu SS, Bonifacino JS, J Biol Chem. 2015 Dec 25;290(52):30736-49 (2015). "Bivalent Motif-Ear Interactions Mediate the Association of the Accessory Protein Tepsin with the AP-4 Adaptor Complex.". American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 290 (52): 30736–49. PMC 4692204. PMID 26542808. doi:10.1074/jbc.M115.683409. 

Véxase tamén

Outros artigos

Bibliografía

  • Alberts, Johnson, Lewis, Raff, Roberts, Walter: Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4th edition (2002), Garland Science.
  • Hirst, J. D.; Barlow, L; Francisco, GC; Sahlender, DA; Seaman, MNJ; Dacks, JB; et al. (2011). "The Fifth Adaptor Protein Complex". PLoS Biol 9 (10): e1001170. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001170. 

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