Premisa

En lóxica, unha premisa (do latín praemissa, 'proposición previa'; de prae, diante, e mittere, enviar), é cada unha das proposicións anteriores á conclusión dun argumento.[1] Nun argumento válido, as premisas implican a conclusión, pero isto non é necesario para que unha proposición sexa unha premisa: o único relevante é o seu lugar no argumento, non o seu papel.[2] Ao seren proposicións, as premisas sempre afirman ou negan algo e poden ser verdadeiras ou falsas.

Considérese o seguinte argumento:

  1. Ou é martes ou é mércores.
  2. Se é martes, entón teño que ir traballar.
  3. Se é mércores, teño que ir traballar.
  4. Polo tanto, teño que ir traballar.

Neste argumento, as proposicións 1, 2 e 3 son as premisas, e a proposición 4 é a conclusión. Un argumento pode ter calquera número (en xeral, finito) de premisas, incluso ningunha (en cuxo caso a conclusión adoita ser un teorema e unha verdade lóxica).[3]

Hai razoamentos dunha premisa (houbo polo menos unha testemuña), e razoamentos con máis dunha premisa. Así sucede cos siloxismos ordinarios [4], que cunha soa premisa (por exemplo: Antón o viu todo). Polo tanto, dunha premisa maior (que contén o termo maior, predicado da conclusión) e unha premisa menor (que contén o termo menor, que fai de suxeito na conclusión). Por exemplo:

  1. Todos os mamíferos son animais de sangue quente. (Premisa maior)
  2. Todos os humanos son mamíferos. (Premisa menor)
  3. Por tanto, todos os humanos son animais de sangre quente. (Conclusión)

Nos razoamentos indutivos, a conclusión obtense por xeneralización, a partir de varias premisas particulares. Por exemplo, a partir dunha serie de observacións (o cobre é un metal e é bo condutor da electricidade; o ferro é un metal e é bo condutor da electricidade etcétera) conclúese, por indución, que todos os metais son bos condutores da electricidade.[5]

En ocasións, para alcanzar a conclusión dun razoamento é necesario utilizar premisas subsidiarias, isto é, supoñer máis información da que o razoamento contempla. Por exemplo, partir do contrario do que se desexa demostrar. Se de dito suposto dedúcese un absurdo, entón pódese afirmar a conclusión sen problemas.

Notas

  1. ↑ Véxase a sección §1.1 en: Gamut, L. T. F. (2006): Introducción a la lógica. Buenos Aires: Eudeba.
  2. ↑ argumento en: Audi, Robert (ed.): The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy. 2dn Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  3. ↑ Véxase a sección 2 na introdución de: Mates, B. (1972): Elementary logic. New York: Oxford University Press.
  4. ↑ Aristóteles afirmaba que un argumento lóxico pode reducirse a dúas premisas e unha conclusión. Véxase: Gullberg, Jan: Mathematics from the birth of numbers, páx. 216. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-04002-X ISBN 978-0-393-04002-9
  5. ↑ Conclusión que, desde o punto de vista físico-químico, é falsa.

Véxase tamén

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