Nitrobacter

Nitrobacter é un xénero de bacterias de forma principalmente bacilar, gramnegativas, e quimioautótrofas.[1]

Nitrobacter xoga un importante papel no ciclo do nitróxeno ao oxidar nitritos a nitratos no solo. A diferenza das plantas, nas que a transferencia de electróns na fotosíntese proporciona enerxía para a fixación do carbono, Nitrobacter usa a enerxía da oxidación de ións nitrito, NO−
2, en ións nitrato, NO−
3, para satisfacer as súas necesidades de enerxía. Nitrobacter fixa o dióxido de carbono pola vía do ciclo de Calvin para obter os seus requirimentos de carbono.[1]

Nitrobacter ten un pH óptimo entre 7,3 e 7,5, e morre a temperaturas superiores a 49 °C ou inferiores a 0 °C.[1]

Algunhas fontes clasifican o xénero Nitrobacter dentro da familia Nitrobacteraceae (en vez da Bradyrhizobiaceae). As espacies do xénero Nitrobacter inclúen Nitrobacter winogradskyi, Nitrobacter hamburgensis, Nitrobacter vulgaris e Nitrobacter alkalicus.[2] De acordo con Grundmann, Nitrobacter parece crecer optimamente a 38 °C e a pH 7,9, pero Holt afirma que o seu crecemento óptimo dáse a 28 °C e a pHs entre 5,8 e 8,5 e ten un pH óptimo entre 7,6 e 7,8.[2][3] Nitrobacter pertence á subclase das α-Proteobacteria.[3][4]

Nitrobacter pode ter forma de bacilo, de pera ou pleomórfica. As células reprodúcense normalmente por xemación (Holt, 1993). Nas células que crecen litotroficamente ou mixotroficamente atópanse carboxisomas, que son orgánulos que axudan á fixación do carbono. Tamén teñen gránulos para o almacenamento de PHB e polifosfatos. Cando están presentes á vez nitritos e substancias orgánicas, as células poden ter un crecemento bifásico, no que usan primeiro o nitrito, e despois hai unha fase de retardo, e despois oxídase a materia orgánica. O crecemento quimioorganótrofo é lento e desequilibrado, polo que se forman máis gránulos de poli-β-hidroxibutirato (PHB), que distorsionan a forma e tamaño das células.

Nitrobacter xoga un papel esencial na acuapónica. A bacteria Nitrosomonas actúa primeiro convertendo o amoníaco en nitritos, e despois Nitrobacter converte os nitritos en nitratos, que son doadamente absorbibles polas plantas.

Notas

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 http://www.bioconlabs.com/nitribactfacts.html
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 Holt, John G.; Hendricks Bergey, David (1993). R.S. Breed, ed. Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology (9th ed.). USA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. ISBN 0-683-00603-7. 
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 Grundmann, GL; Neyra, M; Normand, P (2000). "High-resolution phylogenetic analysis of NO2--oxidizing Nitrobacter species using the rrs-rrl IGS sequence and rrl genes.". International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology 50 (Pt 5): 1893–8. PMID 11034501. doi:10.1099/00207713-50-5-1893. 
  4. ↑ Grunditz, C; Dalhammar, G (2001). "Development of nitrification inhibition assays using pure cultures of Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter.". Water research 35 (2): 433–40. PMID 11228996. doi:10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00312-2. 

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