Mercury-Redstone 4

Mercury MR-4
Mercury MR-4 durante o lanzamento.
TipoTripulado
OrganizaciónNASA
Destino actualReentrado na atmosfera.[1]
Data de lanzamento21 de xullo de 1961[1][2]
Foguete portadorRedstone MRLV[1][3]
Sitio de lanzamentoCentro Espacial de Cabo Cañaveral[1]
Duración da misión15 minutos e 37 segundos[1][4]
Obxectivo da misiónSegundo lanzamento espacial tripulado (suborbital) dos Estados Unidos de América.[1]
Decaemento21 de xullo de 1961[1]
Masa955,0 kg[1][4]

Mercury-Redstone 4 ou MR-4, e tamén coñecida como Liberty Bell 7 polo nome da cápsula, foi a segunda misión espacial (e última suborbital) tripulada dos Estados Unidos de América, levada a cabo dentro do proxecto Mercury, co astronauta Virgil I. Grissom (alcumado Gus) a bordo.[1][4]

Desenvolvemento da misión

Os obxectivos de MR-4 foron familiarizarse coa entorna espacial durante todas as etapas (engalaxe, voo propulsado, voo en ingravidez, reentrada e aterraxe) do voo espacial, avaliar a validez do astronauta como unha parte máis das misións espaciais e a súa capacidade para tomar o control en caso necesario, estudar as reaccións psicolóxicas do astronauta ao voo espacial e recuperar intactos tanto ao astronauta como á nave. Tamén se intentou validar o uso do zapón de saída do astronauta, que facía uso de pernos explosivos.[1][4]

O lanzamento e voo suborbital desenvolveuse de maneira similar ó de MR-3. Grissom dispuxo tamén de 5 minutos de ingravidez e realizou manobras manuais coa cápsula, validando os controis e demostrando a súa relativa facilidade de uso. A diferenza da cápsula de Shepard, a Liberty Bell 7 dispoñía dunha ventá pola que Grissom podía mirar e dun zapón con pernos explosivos. A velocidade máxima que alcanzou a nave foi de 8270 km/h e a súa altura máxima, 189 km. A cápsula amarou a 483 km de Cabo Cañaveral, no océano Atlántico, tras 15 minutos e 37 segundos de voo.[1][4]

Tras amarar os pernos explosivos do zapón disparáronse prematuramente, mentres Grissom estaba no interior agardando ao helicóptero de recuperación. Grissom saíu polo seu pé, tirándose á auga, mentres un helicóptero intentaba recuperar a cápsula, que comezou a afundirse debido ó auga que entraba polo zapón. Grissom foi recollido por outro helicóptero uns minutos despois e levado ó portaavións USS Randolph. A pesar da perda da cápsula a misión foi declarada un éxito. A investigación pola perda da nave resultou nun cambio de operativa que garantizaría a imposibilidade de disparo prematuro dos pernos.[1][4]

Liberty Bell 7 foi finalmente recuperada o 20 de xullo de 1999 tras un intento frustrado anterior, en maio dese mesmo ano. A cápsula aínda tiña insertado o cable co que o helicóptero a intentara recuperar 38 anos antes.[1][4]

Notas

  1. ↑ 1,00 1,01 1,02 1,03 1,04 1,05 1,06 1,07 1,08 1,09 1,10 1,11 1,12 NASA (26 de agosto de 2014). "Mercury Redstone 4" (en inglés). Consultado o 1 de febreiro de 2015. 
  2. ↑ Claude Lafleur (2010). "Mercury 4 (MR-4 / Mercury-Redstone 4)" (en inglés). Consultado o 1 de febreiro de 2015. 
  3. ↑ Gunter Dirk Krebs (2011). Gunter's Space Page, ed. "Mercury Flight History" (en inglés). Consultado o 1 de febreiro de 2015. 
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 4,3 4,4 4,5 4,6 Mark Wade (2011). "Mercury MR-3" (en inglés). Consultado o 1 de febreiro de 2015. 

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