Grande Mestre (orde)

Grande Mestre (latín: Magister Magnus; alemán: Großmeister; francés: Grand Maître) é o título que corresponde ao xefe supremo de varias ordes, incluídas as ordes de cabalaría como as ordes militares e as ordes dinásticas. O título tamén aparece nas organizacións fraternais como os masóns. Ademais, numerosas ordes modernas autodenominadas tentan imitar os hábitos dos antigos corpos.

Historia

Época medieval

En ordes militares medievais como os Cabaleiros Templarios ou os Irmáns Livonios da Espada, o Grande Mestre era o xefe formal e executivo dunha xerarquía militar e feudal, que pode considerarse coma un "estado dentro do estado", especialmente no contexto cruzado lato sensu, especialmente dirixido a Terra Santa ou territorios pagáns do leste de Europa, así como na reconquista da Península Ibérica.

Se a unha orde se lle concede a condición de Estado e considerada soberana, o Gran Mestre tamén é o seu Xefe de Estado, e polo tanto, un verdadeiro Príncipe da igrexa, como era o caso dos Cabaleiros Teutónicos e a Soberana Orde Militar de Malta.^[1]

Época moderna

Excepto a continuación moderna das organizacións de fundación medieval, o título de Grande Mestre foi usado polos xefes das Grandes Loxas dos Masóns desde 1717, e por Odd Fellows desde o século XVIII.

O título de Grande Mestre tamén é usado por outras irmandades, incluídas as académicas asociadas ás universidades. O líder nacional da Fraternidade Kappa Sigma recibe o título de "Digno e Grande Mestre". Os xefes dos capítulos locais usan o título de "Grande Mestre".

Ordes de cabalería

Un monarca soberano adoita posuír o título de Grande Mestre das máis altas ordes dinásticas honoríficas de cabalaría, ou pode conferirllo ou encomendarllo a outra persoa, incluído a un príncipe da familia real, habitualmente o herdeiro do trono, que noutras ordes pode ocupar outro rango/título.

O termo "soberano" úsase xeralmente en lugar de "Grande Mestre" para o xefe supremo de varias ordes en Gran Bretaña e outras nacións da Commonwealth. Na Orde Soberana Militar de Malta, o Grande Mestre denomínase "Soberano", por exemplo Grande Mestre Soberano, pola súa condición de entidade soberana independente a nivel internacional.

Nas nacións republicanas, un presidente tamén pode servir como gran mestre das distintas ordes estatais, como en Francia, onde o presidente é o grande mestre da Lexión de Honra, e Portugal.^[2]

Notas

↑ Micallef (2012), pp. 233–235
↑ Hieronymussen, Poul Ohm; Lundø, Jørgen (1968). Eurooppalaiset kunniamerkit värikuvina (en finés). OCLC 466954328.

Véxase tamén

Bibliografía

Micallef, Antonio (2012). Lectures on the Statutes of the Sacred Order of St. John of Jerusalem: at the University (of Studies) of Malta 1792 (en inglés). Karlruhe: KIT Scientific Publishing. ISBN 978-3-86644-402-7.

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