Iere Midsiuwen

Under de Iere Midsiuwen wurdt oer it algemien ferstien: de perioade fan likernôch 500 oant 1000; de skiednis fan Jeropa nei it ynstoarten fan it West-Romeinske Ryk. Soms wurdt ek de term tsjustere midsiuwen brûkt omdat, troch de gaos dy’t feroarsake waard troch in soad ynvaazjeweagen fan de lossleine folken, der net folle op skrift steld waard en ek in soad ynformaasje ferlern gie. Dêrtroch is noch in soad ‘tsjuster’ wat de krekte gong fan saken oanbelanget. Ek de algemiene efterútgong fan de befolking en libbensstandert, fergelike mei it Romeinske ferline, dy’t stadichoan einige by de konsolidaasje fan de tastân troch Karel de Grutte.

Polityk

Ein fan it (West)-Romeinske Ryk

De midsiuwen kamen op gong doe't it gesach fan it Romeinske Ryk fanwege boargeroarloggen en in soad fijannigens oan de grinzen hieltyd minder waard en de ferskate "barbaarske" folken yn it ryk harren hieltyd ûnôfhinkliker opstelden. Dizze perioade wurdt it Grutte Folkeferfarren neamd.

Om-ende-by 455 wie der in situaasje ûntstien dat der net folle belestingjild mear oan it sintraal gesach ôfdroegen waard. De lokale Romeinske autoriteiten waarden oan de kant skood troch de yn it ryk opnommen folken as de Fisigoaten en de Boergonden. Dy Germaanske folken namen sels de leie yn hannen en stiften yn it ryk ûnôfhinklike keninkriken.

Yn it leger wie ek sa'n ûntwikkeling. Yn de rin fan de 5e iuw waard de militêre sterkte fan it Romeinske leger sawat hielendal basearre op foederaty-ienheden. Yn 451 koe Attila de Hun mei muoite ferslein wurde mei help fan foederaty (om de Fisigoaten, Boergonden,Franken en Alanen hinne). Lang om let wie ien fan de foederaty, de Germaanske stam de Herulen, ferantwurdlik foar de ein fan it West-Romeinske Ryk. De lêste Romeinkse keizer Romulus Augustulus waard ôfsetten troch de magister militum (opperbefelhawwer) fan de foederaty, de Germaan Odoaker.

In soad fan de Germaanske folksstammen wienen foardat sy harren yn it Romeinske ryk fêstigen oerstapt op it Kristlik leauwen, al wie it meastal ta in ôfwikende foarm dêrfan, it arianisme

Merovingyske Ryk

Op 'e ein fan de 5e iuw ûntstie yn Jeropa in perioade fan feriening en fersnipeling fan lannen en gebieten. Klovis I hie alle Frankyske stammen ûnder syn gesach feriene. Nei syn dea waard syn ryk lykwols neffens it Salyske erfrjocht ferdield ûnder syn fjouwer soannen. Dy fochten tsjininoar, mar wurken ek tegearre tsjin de rest fan Jeropa, sadat sy deryn slaggen de measte Germaanske folken te oermasterjen. It gefolch fan dizze hieltyd werhelle ferdielings, wie wol dat it Merovingyske Ryk sa om-ende-by it midden fan de 7e iuw útinoar fallen wie yn ferskate lytse tsjin inoar stridende rykjes. It ryk waard foar de lêste kear feriene troch kening Klotarius II en syn soan Dagobert I.

De lêste keningen fan de Merovingyske dynasty hienen noch mar in bytsje macht oer, it ryk waard doe regearre troch de hofmeiers (de 'húsmasters' dy't oarspronklik de help fan de kening wienen). Yn Austraasje waard dy taak útoefene troch Pepiniden, dizze famylje waard hieltyd wichtiger troch it erflik meitsjen fan it amt. De Merovingers bleaunen lykwols noch in skoft as skynkeningen (ek wol de sleauwe keningen neamd) op de troan.

Karolingyske Ryk

Pippyn de Koarte, de hofmeier fan kening Gilderik III naam yn de 8e iuw de macht oer fan de lêste Merovingyske kening en stifte syn eigen dynasty fan de Karolingers. Pepyn de Koarte krige dêrby help fan de paus om syn machtsgreep te rjochtfeardigjen. De Karolingers dienen in soad saken mei de paus en lang om let resultearre dit yn de keizerskroan foar Karel de Grutte. De ynfloed dy't de Byzantynske keizer hie op Rome waard dêrmei teneate dien. De Karolingers slaggen der fierder ek yn om it oplûken fan de moslims û.o. yn Itaalje ta stilstân te bringen.

Karel de Grutte waard opfolge troch syn iennichste soan Loadewyk de Fromme, wêrtroch it ryk byinoar bliuwe koe. Loadewyk slagge der lykwols net yn om syn opfolging goed te regeljen mei syn fjouwer soannen. Sy krigen ûnder inoar spul, wêrtroch't dizze perioade fan bruorretwisten late ta de splitsing fan it Hillige Roomske Ryk yn in Frankyske ryk (Karel de Keale), it ryk fan Lotharius en in Germaansk Ryk (Loadewyk de Dútser). It ryk fan Lotharius waard nei de dea fan Loadewyk de Fromme it striidperk fan it Frankyske en Germaanske ryk.

Sosjaal

Yn earste ynstânsje naam yn de iere midsiuwen de geleardheid ôf. Karel de Grutte stifte lykwols fannijs skoallen wêrtroch de literêre ûntwikkeling yn syn ryk wer tanaam. It brûken fan jild foel ek hast hielendal wei, der waard wer mear hannele yn natuera.

It rjochtssysteem yn dy tiid ferwettere, elke stam hie syn eigen gewoanterjocht dat safolle mooglik folge waard. De Frankyske foarsten reizgen mei harren hiele gefolch fan palts nei palts om de útfiering fan de wetten te kontrolearjen en rjocht te sprekken. Nei de dea fan Karel de Grutte feroare it systeem fan Frankyske greven yn in feodaal systeem.

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