Tableau triangulaire

Construction du triangle de Bell.

En mathématiques et en informatique, un tableau triangulaire de nombres, ou de polynômes est une suite doublement indexée dans laquelle chaque ligne a une longueur proportionnelle à son ordre.

Présentation

Présentation matricielle

Dans de nombreux cas, il s'agit d'une suite définie pour les entiers vérifiant .

La ligne d'indice n (d'ordre ) est alors le -uplet , et la colonne d'indice k (d'ordre ) est la suite .

k
n
0 1 2
0
1
2 etc.

La suite peut plus généralement être définie pour d'autres valeurs de que celles vérifiant , voir par exemple le triangle trinomial.

Présentation pyramidale

Les lignes sont présentées de façon symétrique par rapport à leur centre, comme par exemple ci-dessous :

Les "colonnes" sont alors parallèles au côté gauche.

Exemples

Parmi les exemples notables, on peut citer :

Généralisations

Les tableaux triangulaires peuvent énumérer des objets mathématiques autres que des nombres ; par exemple, les polynômes de Bell forment un tableau triangulaire dans lequel chaque entrée est un polynôme[9].

Une suite triplement indexée peut être représentée en tétraèdre, comme par exemple le tétraèdre de Pascal, et une suite à d indices, représentée par un d-simplexe.

Applications

Outre la représentation des matrices triangulaires, les tableaux triangulaires sont utilisés dans plusieurs algorithmes. Un exemple est l'algorithme CYK pour l'analyse de grammaires non-contextuelles, un exemple de programmation dynamique[10].

La méthode de Romberg peut être utilisée pour estimer la valeur d'une intégrale définie en remplissant les valeurs dans un triangle de nombres[11].

La transformation du Boustrophédon utilise un tableau triangulaire pour transformer une suite d'entiers en une autre[12].

Articles connexes

Références

  1. Jeffrey Shallit, A collection of manuscripts related to the Fibonacci sequence, Santa Clara, Calif., Fibonacci Association, , 69–71 p. (MR 624091, lire en ligne), « A triangle for the Bell numbers ».
  2. Sergey Kitaev et Jeffrey Liese, « Harmonic numbers, Catalan's triangle and mesh patterns », Discrete Mathematics, vol. 313,‎ , p. 1515–1531 (DOI 10.1016/j.disc.2013.03.017, MR 3047390).
  3. Daniel J. Velleman et Gregory S. Call, « Permutations and combination locks », Mathematics Magazine, vol. 68,‎ , p. 243–253 (DOI 10.2307/2690567, MR 1363707).
  4. Philip L. Miller, Lee W. Miller et Purvis M. Jackson, Programming by Design : A First Course in Structured Programming, Wadsworth Pub. Co., , 567 p. (ISBN 978-0-534-08244-4)
  5. Haruo Hosoya, « Fibonacci triangle », The Fibonacci Quarterly, vol. 14,‎ , p. 173–178.
  6. S. M. Losanitsch, « Die Isomerie-Arten bei den Homologen der Paraffin-Reihe », Chemische Berichte, vol. 30,‎ , p. 1917–1926 (DOI 10.1002/cber.189703002144)
  7. Paul Barry, « On a generalization of the Narayana triangle », Journal of Integer Sequences, vol. 14,‎ , Article 11.4.5, 22 (MR 2792161).
  8. A. W. F. Edwards, Pascal's Arithmetical Triangle : The Story of a Mathematical Idea, JHU Press, , 202 p. (ISBN 978-0-8018-6946-4, lire en ligne).
  9. Samuel Rota Bulò, Edwin R. Hancock, Furqan Aziz et Marcello Pelillo, « Efficient computation of Ihara coefficients using the Bell polynomial recursion », Linear Algebra and its Applications, vol. 436,‎ , p. 1436–1441 (DOI 10.1016/j.laa.2011.08.017, MR 2890929).
  10. Nitin Indurkhya (dir.) et Fred J. Damerau (dir.), Handbook of Natural Language Processing, Second Edition, CRC Press, , 704 p. (ISBN 978-1-4200-8593-8, lire en ligne), p. 65.
  11. Henry C. Thacher, Jr., « Remark on Algorithm 60 : Romberg integration », Communications of the ACM, vol. 7,‎ , p. 420–421 (DOI 10.1145/364520.364542, lire en ligne).
  12. Jessica Millar, N. J. A. Sloane et Neal E. Young, « A new operation on sequences : the Boustrouphedon transform », Journal of Combinatorial Theory, vol. 76,‎ , p. 44–54 (DOI 10.1006/jcta.1996.0087, arXiv math.CO/0205218)

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