Sphéroïde

Silex sphéroïdes extraits du site Hermaïon d’El Guettar et exposés au musée national du Bardo.

Le mot « sphéroïde », nom commun masculin (adjectif qualificatif « sphéroïdal »), désigne ce qui a une forme proche de la sphère.

Sciences physiques et naturelles

  • En archéologie et en géologie, on rencontre notamment des galets roulés, ainsi que des silex, en forme de sphéroïde.
  • En astronomie, le terme est notamment utilisé pour décrire certains corps célestes comme les planètes.
  • En mécanique des fluides, les gouttes liquides en rotation prennent des formes sphéroïdales.
  • En physique nucléaire, l'expérience et la théorie démontrent que certains noyaux dans leur état fondamental sont déformés.

Mathématiques

Sphéroïdes allongé (prolate) et aplati (oblate).
Article détaillé : Ellipsoïde de révolution.

En mathématiques, le sens du mot « sphéroïde » s'est spécialisé pour devenir synonyme d'ellipsoïde de révolution.

Cette figure géométrique permet d'approcher des formes allongées (dite prolates) , comme celle d'un ballon de rugby, ou aplaties (dites oblates). Ainsi, le sphéroïde de Clairaut ou celui de Maclaurin sont des approximations de la surface terrestre.

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