Réservoir magmatique

Cet article court présente un sujet plus développé dans : Chambre magmatique.

Processus de différenciation magmatique dans des réservoirs.

Un réservoir magmatique est, comme une chambre magmatique, une cavité souterraine remplie de magma, c'est-à-dire de roches partiellement ou totalement fondues (ou, plus exactement, d'un liquide partiellement ou non cristallisé).

Les deux termes sont souvent considérés comme synonymes, mais les spécialistes distinguent[1] :

  • les chambres magmatiques sensu stricto, emplies d'un matériau capable de couler (fraction cristallisée φ < φp = 50-60 %[a],[2]) et donc d'engendrer une éruption ;
  • les mushs cristallins (en) (mush est un mot anglais signifiant « bouillie »), constitués d'un matériau rigide (φ > φp) et ne pouvant donc engendrer une éruption qu'après une réactivation ;
  • les réservoirs magmatiques, qui regroupent les chambres magmatiques et les mushs cristallins.

Preuves d'existence

L'existence des réservoirs magmatiques, actuelle ou passée, est attestée par :

Profondeur, taille et forme

La profondeur du toit d'un réservoir, son épaisseur et — dans une certaine mesure — sa forme peuvent être estimées, dans des cas favorables :

Notes et références

Notes

  1. ↑ Le seuil de percolation φp dépend de la forme des cristaux.

Références

  1. ↑ (en) Olivier Bachmann et George Bergantz, « The Magma Reservoirs That Feed Supereruptions », Elements, vol. 4, no 1,‎ , p. 17-21 (DOI 10.2113/GSELEMENTS.4.1.17).
  2. ↑ (en) B. D. Marsh, « On the crystallinity, probability of occurrence, and rheology of lava and magma », Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, vol. 78, no 1,‎ , p. 85-98 (DOI 10.1007/BF00371146).
  3. ↑ (en) Douglas S. Miller et Robert B. Smith, « P and S velocity structure of the Yellowstone volcanic field from local earthquake and controlled‐source tomography », JGR Solid Earth, vol. 104, no B7,‎ , p. 15105-15121 (DOI 10.1029/1998JB900095).
  4. ↑ (en) Calvin F. Miller et Jonathan S. Miller, « Contrasting stratified plutons exposed in tilt blocks, Eldorado Mountains, Colorado River Rift, NV, USA », Lithos, vol. 61, nos 3–4,‎ , p. 209-224 (DOI 10.1016/S0024-4937(02)00080-4).
  5. ↑ (en) Peter W. Lipman, « Incremental assembly and prolonged consolidation of Cordilleran magma chambers: Evidence from the Southern Rocky Mountain volcanic field », Geosphere (en), vol. 3, no 1,‎ , p. 42-70 (DOI 10.1130/GES00061.1).
  6. ↑ (en) Etienne Médard et Jean-Luc Le Pennec, « Petrologic imaging of the magma reservoirs that feed large silicic eruptions », Lithos, vol. 428-429,‎ , article no 106812 (DOI 10.1016/j.lithos.2022.106812).

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