Prononciation de th en anglais

En anglais, le digramme ‹ th › renvoie essentiellement à l'un des deux phonèmes suivants, obtenus en plaçant la langue entre les dents[1],[2],[3] :

consonne fricative dentale sourde
Symbole API θ
Numéro API 130
Unicode U+03B8

X-SAMPA T
Kirshenbaum T

consonne fricative dentale voisée
Symbole API ð
Numéro API 131
Unicode U+00F0

X-SAMPA D
Kirshenbaum D

La consonne fricative dentale : sourde ou voisée ?

‹ th › consonne sourde : [θ]

La prononciation de ‹ th › est sourde principalement dans :

  • les verbes, noms, adjectifs et préposition en th- ;
  • les noms en -th.

Les verbes, noms, adjectifs et préposition en th-

  • Verbes : to thank/thanked/thanked, to thaw/thawed/thawed (dégeler), to thin/thined/thined (délayer), to think/thought/thought, to thread/threaded/threaded (enfiler), to threaten/threatened/threatened (menacer), to thrill/thrilled/thrilled (frissonner), thrive/throve/thriven (prospérer), to throw/threw/thrown, thrust/thrust/thrust (enfoncer)
  • Noms/adjectifs : thanks (remerciements), thaw (dégel), theatre, theft (vol), theme (thème), theory, therapy, thick (épais), thief (voleur), thin (fin), thing, thirst (soif), thorn (épine), thorough (minutieux), thought (pensée), thousand, thread (fil), threat (menace), three, threshold (seuil), throat (gorge), thumb (pouce), thug (voyou), thunder (tonnerre), Thursday
  • Prépositions : through (à travers)

Les noms en -th

aftermath (conséquences), bath (bain), beneath (dessous), birth, both, breath (souffle), cloth (tissu), death, depth (profondeur), earth, faith (foi), forth (en avant), fourth (quatrième), growth (croissance), health, length (longueur), month, math (mathématiques US), mouth, moth (mite), myth, north, path (chemin), south, strength (force), teeth, tooth, thrill (frisson), truth, underneath (en dessous), wealth (richesse), width (largeur), worth (valeur), youth (jeunesse)[4]

Les mots décomposés en th- ou -th

bathroom, birthday, something

Le emprunts lexicaux en -th-

anthem (hymne), athlete, authentic, author, authority, catholic, enthusiasm, ethics, ethnic, hypothesis, lethal, marathon, mathematics, method, panther[5], pathetic, sympathy, synthesis[6],[7]

‹ th › consonne voisée : [ð]

La prononciation de ‹ th › est voisée principalement dans :

  • les articles, pronoms, adverbes et conjonctions en th- ;
  • les mots en -ther.

Les articles et pronoms en th-

that, the, their, them, these, they, this

Les adverbes et conjonctions en th-

than, then, thence (de là), there, thereby (ainsi), therefore (donc), though (bien que), thus (ainsi)

Les prépositions en th

with, within, without

Les mots en -ther

to bother (ennuyer), brother, either, farther (plus loin US), father, further (plus loin UK), to gather (recueillir), leather (cuir), mother, other, rather, to slither (glisser), to smother (étouffer), together, whether[8], to wither (dépérir)

Les verbes en -the

to bathe (prendre un bain), to breathe (respirer), to clothe (vêtir), to soothe (apaiser)

Exceptions

Pour quelques mots, ‹ th › est prononcé ‹ t ›. La majorité de ces mots sont des noms propres :

Voir aussi

Notes et références

  1. Krishna Prakashan Media, Krishna's Communication Lab (English), 2010
  2. Larry Trask, Why Do Languages Change?, Cambridge University Press, 24/12/2009
  3. Lawrence W. Rogers, How to talk effectively, J. F. Wagner, 1946
  4. Exceptions : smooth /smuːð/ (lisse)
  5. Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary, panther /ˈpænθər/, consulté le 18/03/2021
  6. The Free Dictionary, synthesis, consulté le 18/03/2021
  7. Exceptions : rhythm /ˈrɪðəm/ (rythme)
  8. À ne pas confondre avec les mots en -hter : daughter /ˈdɔːtə/ (fille), fighter /ˈfaɪtə/ (combattant), lighter /ˈlaɪtə/ (briquet).
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2013) [First published 2003], Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students (3rd ed.), Routledge, (ISBN 978-0-415-50650-2)
  • Shitara, Yuko (1993). "A survey of American pronunciation preferences." Speech Hearing and Language 7: 201–32.
  • Wells, John C. (1982), Accents of English 2: The British Isles, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, (ISBN 0-521-24224-X)
  • Wright, Peter (1981), Cockney Dialect and Slang, London: B.T. Batsford Ltd.

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