Procédé de séparation

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Pour les articles homonymes, voir Séparation.

En chimie et physique, un procédé de séparation est une technique ou une technologie permettant de transformer un mélange de substances en deux ou plusieurs composants distincts. Il est mis en œuvre à des fins soit analytiques, lorsque l'objectif est d'obtenir une information (qualitative ou quantitative), soit préparatives, lorsque l'objectif est d'obtenir une substance (à un degré de pureté donné). Les buts de ce type de procédé peuvent être divers[1] :

Le principe d'un procédé de séparation est d'utiliser une différence de propriétés entre le composé d'intérêt et le reste du mélange. Plus la différence de propriété sera grande, plus la séparation sera aisée. Ainsi, le choix du procédé de séparation commence par une bonne connaissance de la composition du mélange et des propriétés des différents composants.

Typologie

On distingue deux grandes classes de procédés de séparation : les procédés à séparation mécanique et les procédés à séparation par diffusion[1] :

  1. Séparations mécaniques basées sur :
  2. Séparations par diffusion :

Une troisième classe de procédé de séparation peut être ajoutée aux deux premières. Cette classe correspond aux procédés de séparation ayant lieu par transfert d'ions :

Les mélanges à séparer

Les mélanges à séparer peuvent être :

  • des mélanges hétérogènes :
    • solide - solide : tri à la main, tri à la pince, tri magnétique, flottation, flottaison,
    • solide - liquide : décantation, filtration, tamisage, centrifugation, évaporation, distillation,
    • liquides non miscibles : décantation, flottation ;
  • des mélanges homogènes : distillation, cristallisation.

Notes et références

  1. ↑ a et b (en) C. Judson King, Separation Processes, Introduction, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co, coll. « Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry »,
v · m
A partir d'un solide (S)
A partir d'un liquide (L)
A partir d'un gaz (G)

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