Pointe de flèche

Pointe de flèche du Néolithique – Muséum de Toulouse

Une pointe de flèche est la partie perforante d'une flèche, à l'opposé de l'empennage. Elle peut être amovible, en bois, en pierre, en os, et tous les matériaux inventés par l'homme.

Elle peut être trempée avant usage dans une substance toxique pour augmenter sa dangerosité, ou inflammable pour déclencher un incendie.

Les plus anciennes pointes de flèches ont été découvertes dans la grotte de Fa Hien au Sri-Lanka (datées de 48 000 ans)[1], en Tunisie (datées de 50 000 ans)[2], dans la grotte Mandrin en France (datées de 50 000 ans)[3] et dans la grotte de Sibudu en Afrique du Sud (datées de 64 000 ans)[4].

Préhistoire

La pointe à la Font Robert est de petite taille : ce type d'outil est typique du Gravettien (paléolithique).

Antiquité

Depuis l'antiquité, des flèches enflammées, dites aussi flèches incendiaires sont utilisées. L'archéologie expérimentale et des découvertes archéologiques bousculent l'iconographie traditionnelle voulant qu'une pointe de flèche sur laquelle est enroulée un tissu effiloché ou de l'étoupe imprégné de produit combustible comme la poix, puisse incendier facilement des cibles lointaines. La vitesse de la flèche éteint la flamme. Les forgerons cintraient les branches d'une « cage » sous la pointe, ce qui permettait d'y placer une matière inflammable laissant suffisamment de résidus incandescents pour enflammer la cible[5].

Moyen Âge

Au Moyen Âge, les pointes de flèche en fer forgé ont des formes multiples en fonction de leur utilisation (guerre, chasse) ou d'autres critères (tradition, mode…)[6].

Notes et références

  1. « Des pointes de flèches, il y a 48 000 ans à Fa-Hien Lena, au Sri-Lanka », sur www.hominides.com, (consulté le )
  2. Histoire de l'archerie arc et arbalète – Robert Roth – page 13
  3. « La Grotte Mandrin bouleverse nos connaissances », sur Archéologia, N°555, juin 2017 (consulté le ).
  4. « Des pointes de flèches datées entre - 60 000 et - 70 000 ans », sur www.hominides.com, (consulté le )
  5. (de) Rudolf Degen, « Spätantike Brandpfeile aus Bülach und Oberwinterthur ? », Helvetia archaeologica, vol. 29,‎ , p. 73-78.
  6. Jean Sainty et Jean Marche, « Pointes de flèche en fer forgé du Moyen Âge : recherche expérimentale sur leur technique de fabrication », Revue archéologique de l'Est, t. 55, no 117,‎ , p. 323-338 (lire en ligne).

Liens externes

Voir aussi

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