Moratoire

Un moratoire (du latin moratorius, de morari : retarder) est un terme juridique qui désigne une décision d'accorder un délai ou une suspension volontaire d'une action.

Disposition légale, nécessitée par des raisons impérieuses d'intérêt public, suspendant d'une manière générale l'exigibilité des créances, le cours d'actions en justice.

Le terme a évolué en sortant de la simple pratique juridique pour être maintenant de plus en plus utilisé dans le langage politique et diplomatique. C'est ainsi que sous le même terme peut être désigné soit une décision fixant un délai clair pour des raisons précises et objectives, soit une façon d'éviter de décider en repoussant le moment du choix, éventuellement indéfiniment.

Droit français

Définition et exemples

Un moratoire est la suspension volontaire de manière illimitée dans le temps ou non d'une loi. Il rend la loi inapplicable le temps du moratoire. Établir un moratoire permet d'analyser l'utilité d'une loi.

On parle notamment de :

  • Moratoires sur la peine de mort ;
  • Moratoire sur l'utilisation des OGM ;
  • Moratoire sur les ordinateurs de vote ;
  • Moratoire sur la hausse des taxes du carburant.

Intérêts moratoires

Les « intérêts moratoires » sont une somme d'argent destinée à réparer le préjudice subi par le créancier et causé par le retard dans l'exécution par le débiteur de son obligation de se libérer de sa dette.

Article 1231-6 du code civil : « Les dommages et intérêts dus à raison du retard dans le paiement d'une obligation de somme d'argent consistent dans l'intérêt au taux légal, à compter de la mise en demeure ».

Ils se distinguent des « intérêts compensatoires » destinés à réparer le préjudice subi du fait de l'inexécution par un contractant de son obligation de payer sa dette

Droit international

En droit international, un moratoire est un accord qui permet de suspendre des activités dans un domaine donné ou des revendications, par exemple territoriales :

Bibliographie

  • Catherine Puigelier, Dictionnaire juridique, éditions Larcier, collection Paradigme, 2015, article « Moratoire », page 633.
  • Lexique des termes juridiques, édition Dalloz, article « Moratoire ».

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