Pour les articles homonymes, voir Insurrection (homonymie).
Une insurrection est un soulèvement armé ou une révolte contre le pouvoir en place. Les personnes agissant au nom d'une insurrection sont des insurgés. Un mouvement insurrectionnel qualifie une action de grande ampleur frappant un pays ou une collectivité.
De nombreux mouvements insurrectionnels ont marqué l'histoire de nombreux pays, dont notamment la France et d'autres nations européennes et ont pu aboutir, dans certains cas, à des révolutions et des changements de régimes politiques. D'autres mouvements de même nature ont cependant échoué et ont souvent été lourdement réprimés par le pouvoir en place.
L'origine de ce mot provient du latin insurrectio, signifiant « action de s'élever ».
Selon le CNTRL, une insurrection correspond à l'action de s'insurger, de « se soulever contre un pouvoir politique établi en recourant à la violence armée ». Selon ce même site un mouvement peut être qualifié « d'insurrectionnel » quand il est de grande ampleur[1].
Le site du dictionnaire Larousse définit ce mot par une « opposition vivement exprimée » ainsi que par l'« action de se soulever contre le pouvoir établi »[2].
La déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen de 1789 énonce en son article 2 le droit de résistance à l'oppression parmi les quatre « droits naturels et imprescriptibles de l'homme ».
La déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen de 1793 énonce en son article 35 : « Quand le gouvernement viole les droits du peuple, l’insurrection est, pour le peuple et pour chaque portion du peuple, le plus sacré des droits et le plus indispensable des devoirs. »
En revanche, la déclaration des droits et des devoirs de l'homme et du citoyen de 1795 n'intègre plus cette notion, jugée trop favorable aux sans-culottes durant la Terreur.
Au XXIe siècle, l’insurrection, en France, est définie par l'article 412-3 du code pénal : « Constitue un mouvement insurrectionnel toute violence collective de nature à mettre en péril les institutions de la République ou à porter atteinte à l'intégrité du territoire national. »[3] Le fait de participer à l'insurrection est un crime réprimé par l'article 412-4 du code pénal[4].
Dans ce pays, l'Insurrection Act de 1807 autorise le président des États-Unis à déployer l'armée américaine sur le territoire des États-Unis pour mettre un terme aux troubles civils, à l'insurrection et à la rébellion.
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