Ibériotoxine

Séquence des acides aminés de l'ibériotoxine[1].
Pyr - Phe - Thr - Asp - Val - Asp - Cys - Ser - Val - Ser - Lys - Glu - Cys - Trp - Ser - Val - Cys - Lys - Asp - Leu - Phe - Gly - Val - Asp - Arg - Gly - Lys - Cys - Met - Gly - Lys - Lys - Cys - Arg - Cys - Tyr - Gln - OH
Ponts disulfure : Cys7 - Cys28, Cys13 - Cys33, Cys17 - Cys35

Une ibériotoxine (IbTx) est une toxine peptidique isolée du venin de scorpion rouge Hottentotta tamulus.

Mode d'action

La toxine agit en bloquant sélectivement (Kd ~1 nM)[2] les canaux potassiques de large conductance dépendant du calcium, BKCa[3]. Ce mode d'action est susceptible d’être utilisé pour créer de nouveaux médicaments[4].

Structure

L'ibériotoxine est composée de 37 amino-acides avec 3 ponts disulfure[5]. Cette toxine est l'homologue de la charybdotoxine, toxine du venin du scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus, moins sélective pour les canaux BK[6].

Sa formule est C179H274N50O55S7[7].

Toxicité

Le venin provoque principalement des anomalies cardiopulmonaires telles que des troubles circulatoires, des myocardites et des variations des taux d'ATPase du sarcolemme cardiaque et peut donc entraîner la mort. À cause de son venin, ce scorpion est un facteur important de mortalité chez les enfants en Inde rurale : le venin provoque d'abord une stimulation cholinergique transitoire (vomissements, hypersudation, bradycardie, priapisme, hypersalivation et hypotension) suivie par une hyperactivité adrénergique (hypertension, tachycardie et insuffisance myocardique)[8].

La phase adrénergique est un phénomène dose-dépendant contrairement à la phase cholinergique[8].

Traitement

Le traitement est principalement symptomatique. La douleur locale est traitée par injection de déhydroémétine (en) au niveau de la piqûre. L'hypovolémie est corrigée par une solution de réhydratation par voie orale. Les patients agités, confus et non coopératifs sont traités par une perfusion de glucosé à 5 % en solution saline. Les patients souffrant d'hypertension reçoivent une dose unique de 5 mg de nifédipine sublingual et de prazosine par voie orale. Les patients avec œdème pulmonaire sont traités par administration intraveineuse d'aminophylline et de bicarbonate de sodium, par prazosine orale et par oxygène au masque[8].

Notes et références

  1. A Galvez, G Gimenez-Gallego, JP Reuben, L Roy-Contancin, P Feigenbaum, GJ Kaczorowski et ML Garcia, « Purification and characterization of a unique, potent, peptidyl probe for the high conductance calcium-activated potassium channel from venom of the scorpion Buthus tamulus », The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 265, no 19,‎ , p. 11083–90 (PMID 1694175)
  2. S Candia, ML Garcia et R Latorre, « Mode of action of iberiotoxin, a potent blocker of the large conductance Ca(2+)-activated K+ channel », Biophysical Journal, vol. 63, no 2,‎ , p. 583–90 (PMID 1384740, PMCID 1262182, DOI 10.1016/S0006-3495(92)81630-2, Bibcode 1992BpJ....63..583C)
  3. Michel Félétou, Rudi Busse, Gillian Edwards, Ingrid Fleming, Arthur H. Weston et Paul M. Vanhoutte, « Dialogue entre cellules endothéliales et cellules musculaires lisses », M/S : médecine sciences, vol. 19, no 12,‎ , p. 1242-1250 (lire en ligne).
  4. (en) Ernesto Ortiz, Georgina B. Gurrola, Elisabeth Ferroni Schwartz, Lourival D. Possani, « Scorpion venom components as potential candidates for drug development », Toxicon, vol. 93,‎ , p. 125–135 (résumé).
  5. Yves Landry, Yveline Rival, « ibériotoxine », sur InformationHospitaliere.com, Information Hospitalière (consulté le ).
  6. Danièle Tritsch, Dominique Chesnoy-Marchais, Anne Feltz, Physiologie du neurone, France, Wolters Kluwer, , 715 p. (ISBN 978-2-7040-0872-8, lire en ligne), page 271.
  7. G Ferrat, C Bernard, V Fremont, TJ Mullmann, KM Giangiacomo et H Darbon, « Structural basis for alpha-K toxin specificity for K+ channels revealed through the solution 1H NMR structures of two noxiustoxin-iberiotoxin chimeras », Biochemistry, vol. 40, no 37,‎ , p. 10998–1006 (PMID 11551195, DOI 10.1021/bi010228e)
  8. a b et c HS Bawaskar et PH Bawaskar, « Management of the cardiovascular manifestations of poisoning by the Indian red scorpion (Mesobuthus tamulus) », British heart journal, vol. 68, no 5,‎ , p. 478–80 (PMID 1467032, PMCID 1025191, DOI 10.1136/hrt.68.11.478)

Voir aussi

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