Guilde (écologie)

En écologie, une guilde ou guilde écologique (GE) est un ensemble d'espèces appartenant à un même groupe taxonomique ou fonctionnel qui exploitent une ressource commune de la même manière en même temps, donc partageant la même niche écologique[1].

Origine du concept

En 1967, Richard B. Root (en) est l'auteur d'une étude[2] qui est à l'origine du développement du concept de « guilde » en écologie[3].

Éléments de définition

On peut parler de guildes d'insectes, d'oiseaux (exemple : guilde d'oiseaux insectivores en forêt tropicale[4], de reptiles[5], plus rarement de mammifères (rongeurs ou chauve-souris dans une forêt par exemple[6]).

Le mot guilde n'est généralement pas utilisé pour les microbes.

Classification

Elles sont classées en fonction de :

  • la manière dont elles acquièrent leurs nutriments ;
  • leur état de mobilité ;
  • leurs aliments.

Le nombre de guildes qui occupent un écosystème est l'un des indicateurs de sa richesse écologique, en termes de diversité biologique.

Notes et références

  1. ↑ Lexique thématique à l'usage des techniciens en écologie. P.Carrère et J.M.G. Bloor (INRA - EFPA – Unité de Recherche sur l’Ecosystème Prairial ; 234 av. du Brezet F-63100 Clermont-Ferrand)
  2. ↑ (en) Richard B. Root, « The Niche Exploitation Pattern of the Blue-Gray Gnatcatcher », Ecological Monographs, vol. 37, no 4,‎ , p. 317–350 (ISSN 0012-9615, DOI 10.2307/1942327, JSTOR 1942327)
  3. ↑ (en) D. Simberloff et T. Dayan, « The Guild Concept and the Structure of Ecological Communities », Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, vol. 22,‎ , p. 115-143 (ISSN 0066-4162, DOI 10.1146/annurev.es.22.110191.000555)
  4. ↑ JM Thiollay, Diversité spécifique et coexistence en foret tropicale: l'occupation des milieux par une guilde d'oiseaux insectivores en Guyane  ; Revue d'écologie, 1988 (Résumé INIST CNRS)
  5. ↑ M Znari, EH El Mouden, H Benfaida, A Boumezzough, Partage des ressources spatiales et trophiques au sein d'un peuplement de lézards insectivores des Jbilets centrales (Maroc Occidental)  ; Revue d'écologie, 2000 (résumé Inist/CNRS)
  6. ↑ M Delaval, M Henry, P Charles-Dominique, Interspecific competition and niche partitioning: example of a Neotropical rainforest bat community ; Revue d'écologie, 2005 (résumé avec Inist/CNRS)

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

  • (en) Silvertown J. (2004) Plant coexistence and the niche. Trends Ecol. Evol. 19, 605-611 (texte intégral)

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