Géographie des Pays-Bas

Géographie des Pays-Bas
carte : Géographie des Pays-Bas
Continent Europe
Région Europe occidentale
Coordonnées 52°N, 5°E
Superficie
Côtes 452 km
Frontières Total : 1 027 km
Allemagne 577 km,
Belgique 450 km
Altitude maximale 321 m (Vaalserberg)
Altitude minimale -6,76 m (Zuidplaspolder)
Plus long cours d’eau Rhin
modifier 

La géographie des Pays-Bas est l'ensemble des réalités physiques, humaines, biologiques qui constituent les Pays-Bas. Ces derniers sont un pays d'Europe de l'Ouest situé à l'ouest de l'Allemagne et au nord de la Belgique.

Données géographiques

52° 30′ N, 5° 45′ E

  • Surface:

Totale : 41 526 km2
Terre : 33 883 km2
Eau : 7 643 km2

  • Territoire maritime :

Zone de pêche exclusive : 200 milles nautiques (370 km)
Eaux territoriales : 12 milles nautiques (22 km)

  • Climat :

Tempéré océanique, été frais et hiver assez marqué.

  • Territoire :

Principalement littoral ou gagné sur la mer (polders), vallonné dans le sud-ouest.

  • Points culminants :

Négatif : Zuidplaspolder (Nieuwerkerk aan den IJssel) (-6,76 m)
Positif : Vaalserberg (321 m)

  • Ressources naturelles :

Gaz naturel, pétrole, agriculture

Les ressources en charbon n'étaient pas très importantes, et étaient concentrées dans la région du Limbourg, dont les mines étaient exploitées depuis le Moyen Âge. C'est après la période napoléonienne que les mines du Limbourg (nl) ont commencé à être activement exploitées, en concomitance avec la Révolution industrielle. En 1931, ces mines produisaient 14 millions de tonnes de charbon, extraites par près de 3 800 mineurs[1]. La dernière mine a été fermée en 1973 après un déclin progressif de la production.

  • Un quart du territoire se situe sous le niveau de la mer et atteint même moins 6,76 mètres, record en Europe. Or, d'après les scientifiques, les terres de très basse altitude pourraient être très vite affectées par la montée des océans. Le GIEC considère d'ailleurs le delta du Rhin comme l'un des plus vulnérables du monde.

Références

  1. ↑ E.-L. Tillion, Hollande, Paris, Hachette, , p. 27

Voir aussi

Le village de Marken.

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