Episkyros

Bas-relief sur vase représentant un jeune grec s'entraînant avec un ballon. Visible au Musée national archéologique d'Athènes.

L'episkyros (ἐπίσκυρος ou ἐπίκοινος)[1] est un jeu de ballon de la Grèce antique.

Jeux de balles en Grèce Antique

Plusieurs noms de jeux pratiqués par les jeunes Grecs de l'Antiquité : l'ouranie, l'aporrhaxis et le phéninde, dont les descriptions nous ont été transmises notamment par Julius Pollux[2],[3].

Règles du jeu

L'episkyros est un sport d'équipe. Il se joue habituellement en équipe de 12 à 14 joueurs[4] qui se disputent une balle, certainement faite de bandes de cuir cousues autour d'un noyau de paille[5]. Chacune des équipes, séparées au milieu par une ligne blanche appelée skyros[4], essayait de lancer la balle par-dessus la tête des joueurs de l'équipe adverse alors que la balle était toujours en mouvement, jusqu'à ce que l'une des deux équipes soit poussée derrière une ligne de démarcation[2]. Le jeu autorisait l'utilisation des mains.

D'après l'historien Stephen G. Miller, le jeu était particulièrement violent à Sparte[6].

Évolution du jeu

Ce jeu de balle a été adopté et renommé harpastum par les Romains[7].

Notes et références

  1. ↑ (en) « Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, ἐπίσκυ_ρος », sur perseus.tufts.edu (consulté le ).
  2. ↑ a et b Julius Pollux, Livre IX, chap. 103.
  3. ↑ (en) Stephen G. Miller, Arete : Greek sports from ancient sources, University of California Press, , 235 p. (ISBN 978-0-520-27433-4, lire en ligne), p. 124-125.
  4. ↑ a et b (en) David F. Elmer, « Epikoinos: The Ball Game Episkuros and Iliad 12.421–23 », Classical Philology, vol. 103, no 4,‎ , p. 414-423 (ISSN 0009-837X et 1546-072X, DOI 10.1086/597184, lire en ligne, consulté le ).
  5. ↑ Wolfgang Decker et Jean-Paul Thuillier, Le Sport dans l'Antiquité : Égypte, Grèce et Rome, Paris, Picard, , 260 p. (ISBN 2-7084-0596-9), p. 170.
  6. ↑ (en) Stephen Gaylord Miller, Ancient Greek Athletics, Yale University Press, (ISBN 0-300-11529-6 et 9780300115291, OCLC 69483774).
  7. ↑ The New Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. In ancient Greece a game with elements of football, episkuros, or harpaston, was played, and it had migrated to Rome as harpastum by the 2nd century BC.

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