Dureté Janka

Schéma du test de Janka : la bille d'acier est à moitié enfoncée dans l'échantillon de bois.

Le test de dureté Janka détermine la résistance du bois à l'enfoncement ; il mesure la force nécessaire pour enfoncer dans le bois, jusqu'à la moitié de son diamètre, une bille d'acier de 11,284 mm (0,444 pouce).

Cette méthode, qui laisse une empreinte dans le bois testé, a été mise au point par un dendrologue autrichien, Gabriel Janka (1864-1932), au tout début du XXe siècle. Elle s'utilise sur des échantillons de bois séchés jusqu'à un taux de 12 % d'humidité et les résultats s'expriment en livres-force (lbf), en kilogrammes-force (kgf) ou en newtons (N)[1].

Les échantillons originaux sur lesquels Janka a fait ses essais sont conservés dans la xylothèque du musée de la recherche forestière de Vienne[2].

Valeurs du test de Janka

Sauf information complémentaire, les données ci-dessous sont extraites de E. Meier, The Wood Database[3].

Valeurs du test de dureté Janka
Essence de bois Force: Newtons
Allocasuarina luehmannii, Australian Buloke[4] 22507.99 N 22507.99
 
Schinopsis brasiliensis (en), Barauna, Chamacoco[5] 21351.46 N 21351.46
 
Schinopsis balansae, Quebracho 20328.36 N 20328.36
 
Guaiacum officinale, Guaiacum sanctum, Gaïac, bois saint, bois de vie 19527.69 N 19527.69
 
Anadenanthera colubrina, Curupay 17081.16 N 17081.16
 
Brosimum guianense, Amourette 16903.23 N 16903.23
 
Brazilian Olivewood 16458.41 N 16458.41
 
Swartzia panacoco (en), Panacoco 16422.83 N 16422.83
 
Tabebuia, Ipé, Lapacho 16387.24 N 16387.24
 
Baillonella toxisperma, Moabi 16369.45 N 16369.45
 
Eucalyptus paniculata 16298.28 N 16298.28
 
Bolivian Cherry 16236.0 N 16236
 
Tabebuia, Ipé, Lapacho 16191.52 N 16191.52
 
Cumaru, Brazilian Teak 15746.7 N 15746.7
 
Sucupira, Brazilian Chestnut, Tiete Chestnut 15199.57 N 15199.57
 
Bois de fer 14501.2 N 14501.2
 
Ébène 14323.27 N 14323.27
 
Massaranduba, Brazilian Redwood, Paraju 14189.82 N 14189.82
 
Yvyraro 13522.59 N 13522.59
 
parquet en bambou 13344.66 N 13344.66
 
Cocobolo 13166.73 N 13166.73
 
Vène 12899.84 N 12899.84
 
Buis 12632.94 N 12632.94
 
Acajou rouge, Turpentine 11996.85 N 11996.85
 
Chêne de Virginie 11921.23 N 11921.23
 
Southern Chestnut 11876.75 N 11876.75
 
Spotted Gum 11000.45 N 11000.45
 
Courbaril 10453.31 N 10453.31
 
Mesquite 10431.07 N 10431.07
 
Golden Teak 10364.35 N 10364.35
 
Guatambú, Kyrandy, Guatambú 9964.01 N 9964.01
 
Santos Mahogany, Cordia, Cabreuva, Palissandre hondurien 9786.08 N 9786.08
 
Pradoo 9652.63 N 9652.63
 
Brazilian Koa 9608.15 N 9608.15
 
Brushbox 9496.95 N 9496.95
 
Oranger des Osages[6] 9074.37 N 9074.37
 
Karri 9029.88 N 9029.88
 
Gommier bleu de Sydney 8998.75 N 8998.75
 
Guibourtia 8807.47 N 8807.47
 
Cordia dodecandra 8762,99 N 8762.99
 
Cameron 8629.54 N 8629.54
 
Tallowwood 8598.41 N 8598.41
 
Merbau 8562.82 N 8562.82
 
Peltogyne 8504.99 N 8504.99
 
Jarrah 8496.1 N 8496.1
 
Purpleheart 8273.69 N 8273.69
 
Goncalo Alves, Tigerwood 8229.2 N 8229.2
 
Hickory, Pacanier, Satinwood 8095.76 N 8095.76
 
Castello boxwood 8051.28 N 8051.28
 
Doussié, Australian Wormy Chestnut 8051.28 N 8051.28
 
Bangkirai 7997.9 N 7997.9
 
Santos Mahogany, Cordia, Cabreuva, Palissandre hondurien 7917.83 N 7917.83
 
Padouk d’Afrique 7673.18 N 7673.18
 
Grenadille d'Afrique 7650.94 N 7650.94
 
Merbau 7615.35 N 7615.35
 
Kempas 7606.45 N 7606.45
 
Robinier faux-acacia 7561.97 N 7561.97
 
Highland Beech 7499.7 N 7499.7
 
Mûrier rouge 7473.01 N 7473.01
 
Wenge, Pin rouge, Charme 7250.6 N 7250.6
 
Tualang 7223.91 N 7223.91
 
Zebrawood 7005.94 N 7005.94
 
True Pine, Timborana 6983.7 N 6983.7
 
Peroba 6925.88 N 6925.88
 
Sapeli, Sapelli, Kupa'y 6716.81 N 6716.81
 
Curupixa 6627.84 N 6627.84
 
Bouleau flexible 6538.88 N 6538.88
 
Érable à sucre 6449.92 N 6449.92
 
Chicot du Canada 6183.02 N 6183.02
 
Caribbean Walnut 6183.02 N 6183.02
 
Bambou 6138.54 N 6138.54
 
Cyprès australien 6116.3 N 6116.3
 
Chêne blanc d'Amérique 6049.58 N 6049.58
 
Tasmanian oak 6005.09 N 6005.09
 
gommier blanc 6000.65 N 6000.65
 
Frêne 5871.65 N 5871.65
 
Hêtre à grandes feuilles 5782.68 N 5782.68
 
Chêne rouge d'Amérique 5738.2 N 5738.2
 
Caribbean Heart Pine 5693.72 N 5693.72
 
Bouleau jaune, Iroko 5604.75 N 5604.75
 
Movingui 5471.31 N 5471.31
 
Heart pine 5449.07 N 5449.07
 
Carapa guianensis, Brazilian Mesquite 5426.82 N 5426.82
 
Larix 5337.86 N 5337.86
 
Bambou carbonisé 5248.9 N 5248.9
 
Teck 5137.69 N 5137.69
 
Brazilian Eucalyptus, Gommier rose 5004.24 N 5004.24
 
Chêne pédonculé[7] 4982.0 N 4982
 
Mélèze de Sibérie 4893.04 N 4893.04
 
Tieghemella 4893.04 N 4893.04
 
Peruvian Walnut 4804.07 N 4804.07
 
Boreal 4550.53 N 4550.53
 
Noyer noir, North American Walnut 4492.7 N 4492.7
 
Cerisier 4425.97 N 4425.97
 
Érable rouge[8] 4225.8 N 4225.8
 
Cerisier noir, Imbuia 4225.8 N 4225.8
 
Boire 4181.32 N 4181.32
 
Betula papyrifera 4047.88 N 4047.88
 
Genévrier de Virginie 4003.39 N 4003.39
 
Southern Yellow Pine (Longleaf) 3869.95 N 3869.95
 
Lacewood, Flindersia 3736.5 N 3736.5
 
African Mahogany 3692.02 N 3692.02
 
Mahogany, Honduran Mahogany 3558.57 N 3558.57
 
Parana 3469.61 N 3469.61
 
Sycomore 3425.13 N 3425.13
 
Érable negundo 3202.71 N 3202.71
 
Pin de Monterey[9] 3158.23 N 3158.23
 
Shedua 3158.23 N 3158.23
 
Érable argenté[10] 3113.75 N 3113.75
 
Southern Yellow Pine (Longleaf) 3069.27 N 3069.27
 
sapin de Douglas 2935.82 N 2935.82
 
Genévrier occidental 2784.58 N 2784.58
 
Larix 2624.45 N 2624.45
 
Aulne rouge 2624.45 N 2624.45
 
Tulipier de Virginie, Poplar 2402.03 N 2402.03
 
Castanea 2402.03 N 2402.03
 
Tsuga 2224.11 N 2224.11
 
Pin argenté 1868.25 N 1868.25
 
Tilleul d'Amérique 1823.77 N 1823.77
 
Pin de Weymouth 1690.32 N 1690.32
 
Cuipo[11] 333.61 N 333.61
 
Balsa[11] 311.37 N 311.37
 

Notes et références

  1. (en) « Janka Hardness », sur The Wood Database (consulté le ).
  2. (de) « Museum für das forstliche Versuchswesen », sur Österreichische Bundesamt für Wald (consulté le ).
  3. (en) Eric Meier, « The Wood Database » (consulté le ).
  4. Johnny W Morlan, « Wood Species Janka Hardness Scale/Chart By Common/Trade Name A–J », The World's Top 125 Known Softest/Hardest Woods, Morlan wood gifts (version du sur Internet Archive).
  5. « Global Species ».
  6. « Red Maple », Lumber identification, The Wood Database.
  7. « English Oak », The Wood Database (consulté le ).
  8. (en) « Wood charts » [archive du ], sur Custom workshop.
  9. « Radiata Pine », Lumber identification, The Wood Database.
  10. « Silver Maple », Lumber identification, The Wood Database.
  11. a et b (en) C. A. Wiepking et D. V. Doyle, Strength and Related Properties of balsa and quipo Woods, coll. « US Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory Report » (no 1511), , 27-28 p. (lire en ligne).

Bibliographie

  • (de) Gabriel Janka, Die Härte des Holzes, Vienne, Wilhelm Frick, coll. « Mitteilung der k.k. Versuchsanstalt in Mariabrunn », , 32 p. (lire en ligne)

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