Daphne (genre)

Les Daphnés (genre Daphne), avec environ 50 à 95 espèces, sont des arbustes ou sous-arbrisseaux de la famille des Thyméléacées, à feuilles caduques ou sempervirentes. Ils sont originaires d'Asie, d'Europe et d'Afrique du Nord. Le nom fait référence à la nymphe Daphné métamorphosée en laurier, l'espèce Daphne laureola ayant des feuilles ressemblant fortement à celles du laurier[1].

Ces plantes sont connues pour leurs fleurs odorantes avec un hypanthium tubulaire ou campanulé, et pour leurs drupes toxiques (en raison de la présence d'un hétéroside, la daphnine (en) et d'une résine âcre, irritante, la mézéréine (en)) à l'exocarpe succulent, rarement coriacé. Les fleurs sont dépourvues de pétales et ont quatre, rarement cinq, sépales pétaloïdes de diverses couleurs. La plupart des espèces sempervirentes ont des fleurs verdâtres, tandis que les espèces à feuilles caduques auraient des fleurs roses. Plusieurs espèces fleurissent tard en hiver ou très tôt au printemps[2].

Espèces

Distinction entre les différents daphnés européens

(ref.: Marcel Saule, La Grande Flore Illustrée des Pyrénées, éd. Milan) :
Fleurs roses ou rouges développées avant les feuilles : Daphné bois-joli (Daphne mezereum) - Europe et Sibérie
Fleurs roses ou rouges contemporaines des feuilles : Daphné camélée (Daphne cneorum) - Europe moyenne et méridionale
Fleurs blanches, feuilles minces, molles, caduques : Daphné des Alpes (Daphne alpina) - Montagnes de l'Europe moyenne et méridionale
Fleurs blanches, feuilles épaisses, persistantes : Daphné garou (Daphne gnidium) - Zone méditerranéenne et Canaries
Fleurs d'un jaune verdâtre : Daphné lauréole (Daphne laureola) - Zone méditerranéenne, atlantique et régions proches

Notes et références

  1. Michel Botineau, Guide des plantes à fruits charnus comestibles et toxiques, Lavoisier, , p. 220
  2. (en) T. G. Tutin et N. A. Burges, Flora Europaea, Cambridge University Press, , p. 256

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